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Efficiency of optimal control for noisy spin qubits in diamond

Hendry M. Lim1,*, Genko T. Genov2,*, Roberto Sailer2, Alfaiz Fahrurrachman1, Muhammad A. Majidi1, Fedor Jelezko2, and Ressa S. Said2,†

  • 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
  • 2Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany

  • *These two authors contributed equally.
  • †Contact author: ressa.said@uni-ulm.de
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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 054064 – Published 20 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3hnz-bysr

Abstract

Decoherence is a major challenge for quantum technologies, whose negative effects can be mitigated by quantum optimal control. The decoherence dynamics significantly varies depending on the characteristics of the system’s environment, consequently affecting the optimization outcomes. In this work, we investigate the optimization of a negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) center qubit-spin-inversion control pulse, and observe two error-compensation mechanisms, depending on how long the correlation time is compared to the pulse duration. Additionally, we analyze the effects of control space constraints and optimization options to identify a strategy to improve the optimization performance. Finally, we present experimental realizations of the optimized pulses, exhibiting the applicability of the procedure. Our work serves as a generic yet essential guide to implementing optimal control in the presence of realistic noise.

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Outline

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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 054064– Published 20 November, 2025
  • Received 22 November 2024
  • Revised 23 July 2025
  • Accepted 23 October 2025
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