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    Pulse parameterization and seeded optimization for fast longitudinal qubit readout

    Yiming Yu1, Yuan Qiu1, Xinyu Zhao1, Ye-Hong Chen1,2,*, and Yan Xia1,†

    • 1Fujian Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
    • 2Quantum Information Physics Theory Research Team, Center for Quantum Computing, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

    • *Contact author: yehong.chen@fzu.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: xia-208@163.com

    Phys. Rev. Applied 26, 014086 – Published 28 July, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1dg9-b4vw

    Abstract

    Longitudinal coupling offers a compelling pathway for quantum nondemolition (QND) readout, but pulse design is constrained by hardware limitations, such as the maximum coupling strength and the intracavity photon number required to remain in the linear regime. Here, we formulate the pulse-design task as a low-dimensional constrained optimization problem. Building on inverse engineering (IE) within the shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) framework, we parameterize the auxiliary control variable with a smooth B-spline basis and reconstruct the physical control from it. The analytical STA pulse provides the initialization for this constrained search. At a fixed short readout time, the optimized pulse yields an approximately 50% improvement in SNR over the STA baseline. Comparisons across multiple optimizers show that the IE-guided formulation consistently yields high-performance solutions, while the optimized pulse remains smooth, hardware compatible, and governed by an interpretable “saturate-and-hold” mechanism.

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