- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Applied

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

C-band plug-and-play all-fiber single-photon source based on InAs/InP quantum dots integrated via microtransfer printing

Marek G. Mikulicz1,2,3,*, Paweł Mrowiński1, Paweł Holewa2,3, Kresten Yvind2,3, Marcin Syperek1, and Elizaveta Semenova2,3

  • *Contact author: marek.mikulicz@pwr.edu.pl
PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 014023 – Published 11 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/128x-4731

Abstract

Fiber-based long-haul quantum communication would greatly benefit from a robust and deterministically integrated source of quantum states. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and optical characterization of InAs/InP quantum dots in the InP H1 point-defect 2D photonic crystal cavity, integrated with a standard single-mode fiber employing microtransfer printing. The device is placed in a compact cryocooler maintaining a cryogenic temperature of 15 K, and it exhibits a low multiphoton contribution to emission, with g(2)(0)=0.14(14) in the all-fiber-based optical link between two laboratory nodes. In this way, we demonstrate a plug-and-play all-fiber single-photon source operating in the third telecom window, where standard telecommunication fiber networks can be used as a low-loss medium.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (107)

  1. P. Senellart, G. Solomon, and A. White, High-performance semiconductor quantum-dot single-photon sources, Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 1026 (2017).
  2. M. Gschrey, A. Thoma, P. Schnauber, M. Seifried, R. Schmidt, B. Wohlfeil, L. Krüger, J. H. Schulze, T. Heindel, S. Burger, F. Schmidt, A. Strittmatter, S. Rodt, and S. Reitzenstein, Highly indistinguishable photons from deterministic quantum-dot microlenses utilizing three-dimensional in situ electron-beam lithography, Nat. Commun. 6, 7662 (2015).
  3. J. Claudon, J. Bleuse, N. S. Malik, M. Bazin, P. Jaffrennou, N. Gregersen, C. Sauvan, P. Lalanne, and J.-M. Gérard, A highly efficient single-photon source based on a quantum dot in a photonic nanowire, Nat. Photonics 4, 174 (2010).
  4. N. Somaschi, V. Giesz, L. D. Santis, J. C. Loredo, M. P. Almeida, G. Hornecker, S. L. Portalupi, T. Grange, C. Antón, J. Demory, C. Gómez, I. Sagnes, N. D. Lanzillotti-Kimura, A. Lemaítre, A. Auffeves, A. G. White, L. Lanco, and P. Senellart, Near-optimal single-photon sources in the solid state, Nat. Photonics 10, 340 (2016).
  5. P. Lodahl, A. Floris van Driel, I. S. Nikolaev, A. Irman, K. Overgaag, D. Vanmaekelbergh, and W. L. Vos, Controlling the dynamics of spontaneous emission from quantum dots by photonic crystals, Nature 430, 654 (2004).
  6. N. Tomm, A. Javadi, N. O. Antoniadis, D. Najer, M. C. Löbl, A. R. Korsch, R. Schott, S. R. Valentin, A. D. Wieck, A. Ludwig, and R. J. Warburton, A bright and fast source of coherent single photons, Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 399 (2021).
  7. P. Michler, A. Imamoglu, A. Kiraz, C. Becher, M. Mason, P. Carson, G. Strouse, S. Buratto, W. Schoenfeld, and P. Petroff, Nonclassical radiation from a single quantum dot, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 229, 399 (2002).
  8. P. Michler, A. Kiraz, C. Becher, W. V. Schoenfeld, P. M. Petroff, L. Zhang, E. Hu, and A. Imamoglu, A quantum dot single-photon turnstile device, Science 290, 2282 (2000).
  9. L. Schweickert, K. D. Jöns, K. D. Zeuner, S. F. Covre da Silva, H. Huang, T. Lettner, M. Reindl, J. Zichi, R. Trotta, A. Rastelli, and V. Zwiller, On-demand generation of background-free single photons from a solid-state source, Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 093106 (2018).
  10. T. Miyazawa, K. Takemoto, Y. Nambu, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, M. Fujiwara, M. Sasaki, Y. Sakuma, M. Takatsu, T. Yamamoto, and Y. Arakawa, Single-photon emission at 1.5μm from an InAs/InP quantum dot with highly suppressed multi-photon emission probabilities, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 132106 (2016).
  11. C. Santori, D. Fattal, J. Vučković, G. S. Solomon, and Y. Yamamoto, Indistinguishable photons from a single-photon device, Nature 419, 594 (2002).
  12. C. K. Hong, Z. Y. Ou, and L. Mandel, Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2044 (1987).
  13. X. Ding, Y. He, Z.-C. Duan, N. Gregersen, M.-C. Chen, S. Unsleber, S. Maier, C. Schneider, M. Kamp, S. Höfling, C.-Y. Lu, and J.-W. Pan, On-demand single photons with high extraction efficiency and near-unity indistinguishability from a resonantly driven quantum dot in a micropillar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 020401 (2016).
  14. Y.-J. Wei, Y.-M. He, M.-C. Chen, Y.-N. Hu, Y. He, D. Wu, C. Schneider, M. Kamp, S. Höfling, C.-Y. Lu, and J.-W. Pan, Deterministic and robust generation of single photons from a single quantum dot with 99.5% indistinguishability using adiabatic rapid passage, Nano Lett. 14, 6515 (2014).
  15. A. Thoma, P. Schnauber, M. Gschrey, M. Seifried, J. Wolters, J.-H. Schulze, A. Strittmatter, S. Rodt, A. Carmele, A. Knorr, T. Heindel, and S. Reitzenstein, Exploring dephasing of a solid-state quantum emitter via time- and temperature-dependent Hong-Ou-Mandel experiments, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 033601 (2016).
  16. P. Lodahl and S. Stobbe, Solid-state quantum optics with quantum dots in photonic nanostructures, Nanophotonics 2, 39 (2013).
  17. A. K. Ekert, Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 661 (1991).
  18. H.-J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Quantum repeaters: The role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5932 (1998).
  19. N. Gisin and R. Thew, Quantum communication, Nat. Photonics 1, 165 (2007).
  20. C. Simon, H. de Riedmatten, M. Afzelius, N. Sangouard, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, Quantum repeaters with photon pair sources and multimode memories, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 190503 (2007).
  21. J. Mower, Z. Zhang, P. Desjardins, C. Lee, J. H. Shapiro, and D. Englund, High-dimensional quantum key distribution using dispersive optics, Phys. Rev. A 87, 062322 (2013).
  22. O. Benson, C. Santori, M. Pelton, and Y. Yamamoto, Regulated and entangled photons from a single quantum dot, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2513 (2000).
  23. E. Moreau, I. Robert, L. Manin, V. Thierry-Mieg, J. M. Gérard, and I. Abram, Quantum cascade of photons in semiconductor quantum dots, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 183601 (2001).
  24. R. M. Stevenson, R. J. Young, P. Atkinson, K. Cooper, D. A. Ritchie, and A. J. Shields, A semiconductor source of triggered entangled photon pairs, Nature 439, 179 (2006).
  25. S. Fischbach, A. Kaganskiy, E. B. Y. Tauscher, F. Gericke, A. Thoma, R. Schmidt, A. Strittmatter, T. Heindel, S. Rodt, and S. Reitzenstein, Efficient single-photon source based on a deterministically fabricated single quantum dot—microstructure with backside gold mirror, Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 011106 (2017).
  26. L. Bremer, C. Jimenez, S. Thiele, K. Weber, T. Huber, S. Rodt, A. Herkommer, S. Burger, S. Höfling, H. Giessen, and S. Reitzenstein, Numerical optimization of single-mode fiber-coupled single-photon sources based on semiconductor quantum dots, Opt. Express 30, 15913 (2022).
  27. P.-I. Schneider, N. Srocka, S. Rodt, L. Zschiedrich, S. Reitzenstein, and S. Burger, Numerical optimization of the extraction efficiency of a quantum-dot based single-photon emitter into a single-mode fiber, Opt. Express 26, 8479 (2018).
  28. M. Sartison, K. Weber, S. Thiele, L. Bremer, S. Fischbach, T. Herzog, S. Kolatschek, M. Jetter, S. Reitzenstein, A. Herkommer, P. Michler, S. L. Portalupi, and H. Giessen, 3D printed micro-optics for quantum technology: Optimised coupling of single quantum dot emission into a single-mode fibre, Light: Adv. Manuf. 2, 103 (2021).
  29. S. Bounouar, M. Elouneg-Jamroz, M. D. Hertog, C. Morchutt, E. Bellet-Amalric, R. André, C. Bougerol, Y. Genuist, J.-P. Poizat, S. Tatarenko, and K. Kheng, Ultrafast room temperature single-photon source from nanowire-quantum dots, Nano Lett. 12, 2977 (2012).
  30. M. Munsch, N. S. Malik, E. Dupuy, A. Delga, J. Bleuse, J.-M. Gérard, J. Claudon, N. Gregersen, and J. Mørk, Dielectric GaAs antenna ensuring an efficient broadband coupling between an InAs quantum dot and a gaussian optical beam, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177402 (2013).
  31. K. D. Jöns, L. Schweickert, M. A. M. Versteegh, D. Dalacu, P. J. Poole, A. Gulinatti, A. Giudice, V. Zwiller, and M. E. Reimer, Bright nanoscale source of deterministic entangled photon pairs violating Bell’s inequality, Sci. Rep. 7, 1700 (2017).
  32. G. Bulgarini, M. E. Reimer, M. Bouwes Bavinck, K. D. Jöns, D. Dalacu, P. J. Poole, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, and V. Zwiller, Nanowire waveguides launching single photons in a Gaussian mode for ideal fiber coupling, Nano Lett. 14, 4102 (2014).
  33. M. J. Holmes, K. Choi, S. Kako, M. Arita, and Y. Arakawa, Room-temperature triggered single photon emission from a III-Nitride site-controlled nanowire quantum dot, Nano Lett. 14, 982 (2014).
  34. J. Wang, F. Sciarrino, A. Laing, and M. G. Thompson, Integrated photonic quantum technologies, Nat. Photonics 14, 273 (2019).
  35. S. E. Thomas, M. Billard, N. Coste, S. C. Wein, Priya, H. Ollivier, O. Krebs, L. Tazaïrt, A. Harouri, A. Lemaitre, I. Sagnes, C. Anton, L. Lanco, N. Somaschi, J. C. Loredo, and P. Senellart, Bright polarized single-photon source based on a linear dipole, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 233601 (2021).
  36. W. H. P. Pernice, C. Xiong, C. Schuck, and H. X. Tang, High-Q aluminum nitride photonic crystal nanobeam cavities, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 091105 (2012).
  37. T. Schröder, M. Walsh, J. Zheng, S. Mouradian, L. Li, G. Malladi, H. Bakhru, M. Lu, A. Stein, M. Heuck, and D. Englund, Scalable fabrication of coupled NV center—photonic crystal cavity systems by self-aligned N ion implantation, Opt. Mater. Express 7, 1514 (2017).
  38. S. Ates, L. Sapienza, M. Davanco, A. Badolato, and K. Srinivasan, Bright single-photon emission from a quantum dot in a circular Bragg grating microcavity, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 18, 1711 (2012).
  39. J. Liu, R. Su, Y. Wei, B. Yao, S. F. C. D. Silva, Y. Yu, J. Iles-Smith, K. Srinivasan, A. Rastelli, J. Li, and X. Wang, A solid-state source of strongly entangled photon pairs with high brightness and indistinguishability, Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 586 (2019).
  40. A. Barbiero, J. Huwer, J. Skiba-Szymanska, T. Müller, R. M. Stevenson, and A. J. Shields, Design study for an efficient semiconductor quantum light source operating in the telecom C-band based on an electrically-driven circular Bragg grating, Opt. Express 30, 10919 (2022).
  41. P. Holewa, D. A. Vajner, E. Zięba-Ostój, M. Wasiluk, B. Gaál, A. Sakanas, M. Burakowski, P. Mrowiński, B. Krajnik, M. Xiong, K. Yvind, N. Gregersen, A. Musiał, A. Huck, T. Heindel, M. Syperek, and E. Semenova, High-throughput quantum photonic devices emitting indistinguishable photons in the telecom C-band, Nat. Commun. 15, 3358 (2024).
  42. D. Najer, I. Söllner, P. Sekatski, V. Dolique, M. C. Löbl, D. Riedel, R. Schott, S. Starosielec, S. R. Valentin, A. D. Wieck, N. Sangouard, A. Ludwig, and R. J. Warburton, A gated quantum dot strongly coupled to an optical microcavity, Nature 575, 622 (2019).
  43. D. B. Northeast, D. Dalacu, J. F. Weber, J. Phoenix, J. Lapointe, G. C. Aers, P. J. Poole, and R. L. Williams, Optical fibre-based single photon source using InAsP quantum dot nanowires and gradient-index lens collection, Sci. Rep. 11, 22878 (2021).
  44. H. Abudayyeh, B. Lubotzky, A. Blake, J. Wang, S. Majumder, Z. Hu, Y. Kim, H. Htoon, R. Bose, A. V. Malko, J. A. Hollingsworth, and R. Rapaport, Single photon sources with near unity collection efficiencies by deterministic placement of quantum dots in nanoantennas, APL Photonics 6, 036109 (2021).
  45. F. Wang, R. E. Christiansen, Y. Yu, J. Mørk, and O. Sigmund, Maximizing the quality factor to mode volume ratio for ultra-small photonic crystal cavities, Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 241101 (2018).
  46. D. A. Vajner, L. Rickert, T. Gao, K. Kaymazlar, and T. Heindel, Quantum communication using semiconductor quantum dots, Adv. Quantum Technol. 5, 2100116 (2022).
  47. F. Flamini, N. Spagnolo, and F. Sciarrino, Photonic quantum information processing: A review, Rep. Progr. Phys. 82, 016001 (2018).
  48. T. E. Northup and R. Blatt, Quantum information transfer using photons, Nat. Photonics 8, 356 (2014).
  49. F. Basso Basset, F. Salusti, L. Schweickert, M. B. Rota, D. Tedeschi, S. F. Covre da Silva, E. Roccia, V. Zwiller, K. D. Jöns, A. Rastelli, and R. Trotta, Quantum teleportation with imperfect quantum dots, npj Quantum Inf. 7, 7 (2021).
  50. T. D. Ladd, F. Jelezko, R. Laflamme, Y. Nakamura, C. Monroe, and J. L. O’Brien, Quantum computers, Nature 464, 45 (2010).
  51. E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics, Nature 409, 46 (2001).
  52. A. Schlehahn, L. Krüger, M. Gschrey, J.-H. Schulze, S. Rodt, A. Strittmatter, T. Heindel, and S. Reitzenstein, Operating single quantum emitters with a compact Stirling cryocooler, Review of Scientific Instruments 86, 013113 (2015).
  53. A. Schlehahn, S. Fischbach, R. Schmidt, A. Kaganskiy, A. Strittmatter, S. Rodt, T. Heindel, and S. Reitzenstein, A stand-alone fiber-coupled single-photon source, Sci. Rep. 8, 1340 (2018).
  54. A. Musiał, et al., Plug&play fiber-coupled 73 kHz single-photon source operating in the telecom O-band, Adv. Quantum Technol. 3, 2000018 (2020).
  55. T. Gao, L. Rickert, F. Urban, J. Große, N. Srocka, S. Rodt, A. Musiał, K. Żołnacz, P. Mergo, K. Dybka, W. Urbańczyk, G. Sęk, S. Burger, S. Reitzenstein, and T. Heindel, A quantum key distribution testbed using a plug&play telecom-wavelength single-photon source, Appl. Phys. Rev. 9, 011412 (2022).
  56. J. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Rao, Z. Zheng, C. Song, Y. Chen, K. Xiong, P. Chen, C. Zhang, W. Wu, Y. Yu, and S. Yu, Tunable quantum dots in monolithic Fabry-Perot microcavities for high-performance single-photon sources, Light: Sci. Appl. 13, 33 (2024).
  57. W. B. Jeon, J. S. Moon, K. Kim, Y. Ko, C. J. K. Richardson, E. Waks, and J. Kim, Plug-and-play single-photon devices with efficient fiber-quantum dot interface, Adv. Quantum Technol. 5, 2200022 (2022).
  58. L. Rickert, K. Żołnacz, D. A. Vajner, M. von Helversen, S. Rodt, S. Reitzenstein, H. Liu, S. Li, H. Ni, P. Wyborski, G. Sęk, A. Musiał, Z. Niu, and T. Heindel, A fiber-pigtailed quantum dot device generating indistinguishable photons at GHz clock-rates, Nanophotonics 14, 1795 (2025).
  59. L. Rickert, F. Schröder, T. Gao, C. Schneider, S. Höfling, and T. Heindel, Fiber-pigtailing quantum-dot cavity-enhanced light emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 119, 131104 (2021).
  60. H. Snijders, J. A. Frey, J. Norman, V. P. Post, A. C. Gossard, J. E. Bowers, M. P. van Exter, W. Löffler, and D. Bouwmeester, Fiber-coupled cavity-QED source of identical single photons, Phys. Rev. Appl. 9, 031002 (2018).
  61. X. Xu, I. Toft, R. T. Phillips, J. Mar, K. Hammura, and D. A. Williams, “Plug and play” single-photon sources, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 061103 (2007).
  62. L. Bremer, K. Weber, S. Fischbach, S. Thiele, M. Schmidt, A. Kaganskiy, S. Rodt, A. Herkommer, M. Sartison, S. L. Portalupi, P. Michler, H. Giessen, and S. Reitzenstein, Quantum dot single-photon emission coupled into single-mode fibers with 3D printed micro-objectives, APL Photonics 5, 106101 (2020).
  63. C.-M. Lee, M. A. Buyukkaya, S. Aghaeimeibodi, A. Karasahin, C. J. K. Richardson, and E. Waks, A fiber-integrated nanobeam single photon source emitting at telecom wavelengths, Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 171101 (2019).
  64. J. Zhang, et al., III-V-on-Si photonic integrated circuits realized using micro-transfer-printing, APL Photonics 4, 110803 (2019).
  65. J. Michl, G. Peniakov, A. Pfenning, J. Hilska, A. Chellu, A. Bader, M. Guina, S. Höfling, T. Hakkarainen, and T. Huber-Loyola, Strain-free GaSb quantum dots as single-photon sources in the telecom S-band, Advanced Quantum Technologies 6, 2300180 (2023).
  66. F. Guffarth, R. Heitz, A. Schliwa, O. Stier, N. N. Ledentsov, A. R. Kovsh, V. M. Ustinov, and D. Bimberg, Strain engineering of self-organized InAs quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B 64, 085305 (2001).
  67. J. Tatebayashi, M. Nishioka, and Y. Arakawa, Over 1.5μm light emission from InAs quantum dots embedded in InGaAs strain-reducing layer grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3469 (2001).
  68. E. S. Semenova, R. Hostein, G. Patriarche, O. Mauguin, L. Largeau, I. Robert-Philip, A. Beveratos, and A. Lemaître, Metamorphic approach to single quantum dot emission at 1.55μm on GaAs substrate, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 103533 (2008).
  69. M. Paul, F. Olbrich, J. Höschele, S. Schreier, J. Kettler, S. L. Portalupi, M. Jetter, and P. Michler, Single-photon emission at 1.55μm from MOVPE-grown InAs quantum dots on InGaAs/GaAs metamorphic buffers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 033102 (2017).
  70. S. L. Portalupi, M. Jetter, and P. Michler, InAs quantum dots grown on metamorphic buffers as non-classical light sources at telecom C-band: A review, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 34, 053001 (2019).
  71. Y. Berdnikov, P. Holewa, S. Kadkhodazadeh, J. M. Śmigiel, A. Sakanas, A. Frackowiak, K. Yvind, M. Syperek, and E. Semenova, Near-critical Stranski-Krastanov growth of InAs/InP quantum dots, Sci. Rep. 14, 23697 (2024).
  72. M. H. Rahaman, S. Harper, C.-M. Lee, K.-Y. Kim, M. A. Buyukkaya, V. J. Patel, S. D. Hawkins, J.-H. Kim, S. Addamane, and E. Waks, Efficient, indistinguishable telecom C-band photons using a tapered nanobeam waveguide, ACS Photonics 11, 2738 (2024).
  73. A. Kors, J. P. Reithmaier, and M. Benyoucef, Telecom wavelength single quantum dots with very small excitonic fine-structure splitting, Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 172102 (2018).
  74. S. Gyger, K. D. Zeuner, T. Lettner, S. Bensoussan, M. Carlnäs, L. Ekemar, L. Schweickert, C. R. Hedlund, M. Hammar, T. Nilsson, J. Almlöf, S. Steinhauer, G. V. Llosera, and V. Zwiller, Metropolitan single-photon distribution at 1550 nm for random number generation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 121, 194003 (2022).
  75. K. Takemoto, Y. Nambu, T. Miyazawa, Y. Sakuma, T. Yamamoto, S. Yorozu, and Y. Arakawa, Quantum key distribution over 120 km using ultrahigh purity single-photon source and superconducting single-photon detectors, Sci. Rep. 5, 14383 (2015).
  76. S. E. Thomas, L. Wagner, R. Joos, R. Sittig, C. Nawrath, P. Burdekin, I. M. de Buy Wenniger, M. J. Rasiah, T. Huber-Loyola, S. Sagona-Stophel, S. Höfling, M. Jetter, P. Michler, I. A. Walmsley, S. L. Portalupi, and P. M. Ledingham, Deterministic storage and retrieval of telecom light from a quantum dot single-photon source interfaced with an atomic quantum memory, Sci. Adv. 10, eadi7346 (2024).
  77. M. Saldutti, M. Xiong, E. Dimopoulos, Y. Yu, M. Gioannini, and J. Mørk, Modal properties of photonic crystal cavities and applications to lasers, Nanomaterials 11, 3030 (2021).
  78. C. L. Phillips, A. J. Brash, M. Godsland, N. J. Martin, A. Foster, A. Tomlinson, R. Dost, N. Babazadeh, E. M. Sala, L. Wilson, J. Heffernan, M. S. Skolnick, and A. M. Fox, Purcell-enhanced single photons at telecom wavelengths from a quantum dot in a photonic crystal cavity, Sci. Rep. 14, 4450 (2024).
  79. I. Lumerical Solutions, Lumerical Solutions, Inc., 2024, https://www.ansys.com/products/optics/fdtd, accessed: 2024-10-01.
  80. J.-P. Bérenger, Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) for Computational Electromagnetics (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2007).
  81. P. Holewa, M. Gawełczyk, C. Ciostek, P. Wyborski, S. Kadkhodazadeh, E. Semenova, and M. Syperek, Optical and electronic properties of low-density InAs/InP quantum-dot-like structures designed for single-photon emitters at telecom wavelengths, Phys. Rev. B 101, 195304 (2020).
  82. P. Holewa, A. Sakanas, U. M. Gür, P. Mrowiński, A. Huck, B.-Y. Wang, A. Musiał, K. Yvind, N. Gregersen, M. Syperek, and E. Semenova, Bright quantum dot single-photon emitters at telecom bands heterogeneously integrated on Si, ACS Photonics 9, 2273 (2022).
  83. J. Yoon, S. Lee, D. Kang, M. A. Meitl, C. A. Bower, and J. A. Rogers, Heterogeneously integrated optoelectronic devices enabled by micro-transfer printing, Adv. Opt. Mater. 3, 1313 (2015).
  84. G. Roelkens, et al., Micro-transfer printing for heterogeneous Si photonic integrated circuits, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 29, 1 (2023).
  85. E. Menard, K. J. Lee, D.-Y. Khang, R. G. Nuzzo, and J. A. Rogers, A printable form of silicon for high performance thin film transistors on plastic substrates, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 5398 (2004).
  86. M. A. Meitl, Z.-T. Zhu, V. Kumar, K. J. Lee, X. Feng, Y. Y. Huang, I. Adesida, R. G. Nuzzo, and J. A. Rogers, Transfer printing by kinetic control of adhesion to an elastomeric stamp, Nat. Mater. 5, 33 (2005).
  87. J. O’Callaghan, R. Loi, E. E. Mura, B. Roycroft, A. J. Trindade, K. Thomas, A. Gocalinska, E. Pelucchi, J. Zhang, G. Roelkens, C. A. Bower, and B. Corbett, Comparison of InGaAs and InAlAs sacrificial layers for release of InP-based devices, Opt. Mater. Express 7, 4408 (2017).
  88. F. Niklaus, G. Stemme, J. Q. Lu, and R. J. Gutmann, Adhesive wafer bonding, J. Appl. Phys. 99, 031101 (2006).
  89. R. Loi, J. O’Callaghan, B. Roycroft, C. Robert, A. Fecioru, A. J. Trindade, A. Gocalinska, E. Pelucchi, C. A. Bower, and B. Corbett, Transfer printing of AlGaInAs/InP etched facet lasers to Si Substrates, IEEE Photonics. J. 8, 1 (2016).
  90. H. H. J. E. Kicken, I. Barbu, J. Gabriels, R. W. van der Heijden, R. Notzel, F. Karouta, H. W. M. Salemink, and E. van der Drift, in 2008 20th International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials (IEEE, Versailles, 2008).
  91. R. Katsumi, Y. Ota, M. Kakuda, S. Iwamoto, and Y. Arakawa, Transfer-printed single-photon sources coupled to wire waveguides, Optica 5, 691 (2018).
  92. T.-W. Lu, Y.-C. Lin, and P.-T. Lee, Highly accurate docking of a photonic crystal nanolaser to a SiNx Waveguide by Transfer Printing, ACS Photonics 10, 2679 (2023).
  93. M. Mikulicz, T. Smołka, M. Rygała, M. Badura, W. Kijaszek, A. Łozińska, M. Kamp, and M. Motyka, Temperature dependence of refractive indices of InP, GaAs, AlAs, and In0.53Ga0.47As in the midinfrared spectral range determined by combined ellipsometry and Fourier-transform spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Appl. 21, 044001 (2024).
  94. M. Winger, T. Volz, G. Tarel, S. Portolan, A. Badolato, K. J. Hennessy, E. L. Hu, A. Beveratos, J. Finley, V. Savona, and A. Imamoğlu, Explanation of photon correlations in the far-off-resonance optical emission from a quantum-dot–cavity system, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 207403 (2009).
  95. W. H. Wong, E. Y. B. Pun, and K. S. Chan, Er3+–Yb3+ codoped polymeric optical waveguide amplifiers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 176 (2004).
  96. C. Santori, M. Pelton, G. Solomon, Y. Dale, and Y. Yamamoto, Triggered single photons from a quantum dot, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1502 (2001).
  97. C. Brunel, B. Lounis, P. Tamarat, and M. Orrit, Triggered source of single photons based on controlled single molecule fluorescence, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2722 (1999).
  98. R. Brouri, A. Beveratos, J.-P. Poizat, and P. Grangier, Photon antibunching in the fluorescence of individual color centers in diamond, Opt. Lett. 25, 1294 (2000).
  99. J. S. Neergaard-Nielsen, B. M. Nielsen, H. Takahashi, A. I. Vistnes, and E. S. Polzik, High purity bright single photon source, Opt. Express 15, 7940 (2007).
  100. A. Predojević, M. Ježek, T. Huber, H. Jayakumar, T. Kauten, G. S. Solomon, R. Filip, and G. Weihs, Efficiency vs multi-photon contribution test for quantum dots, Opt. Express 22, 4789 (2014).
  101. M. Winger, T. Volz, G. Tarel, S. Portolan, A. Badolato, K. J. Hennessy, E. L. Hu, A. Beveratos, J. Finley, V. Savona, and A. Imamoğlu, Explanation of photon correlations in the far-off-resonance optical emission from a quantum-dot-cavity system, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 207403 (2009).
  102. Y. A. Gharbia, G. Milton, and J. Katupitiya, in Optical Fabrication, Testing, and Metrology, edited by R. Geyl, D. Rimmer, and L. Wang (SPIE, St. Etienne, France, 2004).
  103. L. Picelli, A. van Klinken, G. Lindgren, K. D. Hakkel, F. Pagliano, N. Fiaschi, I. Sersic-Vollenbroek, P. J. van Veldhoven, R. W. van der Heijden, and A. Fiore, Scalable wafer-to-fiber transfer method for lab-on-fiber sensing, Appl. Phys. Lett. 117, 151101 (2020).
  104. P. Vaiano, B. Carotenuto, M. Pisco, A. Ricciardi, G. Quero, M. Consales, A. Crescitelli, E. Esposito, and A. Cusano, Lab on fiber technology for biological sensing applications, Laser Photonics Rev. 10, 922 (2016).
  105. I. W. Jung, B. Park, J. Provine, R. T. Howe, and O. Solgaard, Highly sensitive monolithic silicon photonic crystal fiber tip sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature, J. Lightwave Technol. 29, 1367 (2011).
  106. B. Park, I. W. Jung, J. Provine, A. Gellineau, J. Landry, R. T. Howe, and O. Solgaard, Double-layer silicon photonic crystal fiber-tip temperature sensors, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26, 900 (2014).
  107. E. J. Smythe, M. D. Dickey, J. Bao, G. M. Whitesides, and F. Capasso, Optical antenna arrays on a fiber facet for in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection, Nano Lett. 9, 1132 (2009).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 014023– Published 11 July, 2025
  • Received 26 November 2024
  • Revised 3 March 2025
  • Accepted 5 June 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation