In this paper a new type of THz radiation source, based on recirculating an electron beam through a high gradient superconducting radio frequency cavity, and using this beam to drive a standard electromagnetic undulator on the return leg, is discussed. Because the beam is recirculated and not stored, short bunches may be produced that radiate coherently in the undulator, yielding exceptionally high average THz power for relatively low average beam power. Deceleration from the coherent emission, and the detuning it causes, limits the charge-per-bunch possible in such a device.

The generation and transport of planar electron beams is a topic of increasing interest for applications to high-power, high-frequency microwave devices. This paper describes the use of solenoid lenses with elliptical pole apertures to transform a circular high-perveance beam to a planar configuration. The resulting transformation system has a short axial length and is easily fabricated. Furthermore, the approach allows use of a conventional electron gun. We designed lenses and simulated the dynamics of a beam system to drive a 95 GHz, traveling-wave tube experiment at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The three-dimensional self-consistent calculations indicate that a $0.5\mu \mathrm{perv}$ beam can be compressed to a height of less than 0.5 mm with sufficiently low emittance for transport through periodic-permanent-magnet or wiggler arrays.

Induction voltage adders (IVA) and induction accelerators of various types are described and their principles and advantages are discussed. The designs and technologies used in the various subsections and components of high-current IVAs are described. Some features of the pulse power that drives IVAs are discussed. Two representative high-current IVAs are briefly described, and characteristics of other IVAs with different features are mentioned. Some other IVA and induction accelerator variants that could be considered are also suggested.

We present a detailed comparison of the measured characteristics of Thomson backscattered x rays produced at the Picosecond Laser-Electron Interaction for the Dynamic Evaluation of Structures facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to predicted results from a newly developed, fully three-dimensional time and frequency-domain code. Based on the relativistic differential cross section, this code has the capability to calculate time and space dependent spectra of the x-ray photons produced from linear Thomson scattering for both bandwidth-limited and chirped incident laser pulses. Spectral broadening of the scattered x-ray pulse resulting from the incident laser bandwidth, perpendicular wave vector components in the laser focus, and the transverse and longitudinal phase spaces of the electron beam are included. Electron beam energy, energy spread, and transverse phase space measurements of the electron beam at the interaction point are presented, and the corresponding predicted x-ray characteristics are determined. In addition, time-integrated measurements of the x rays produced from the interaction are presented and shown to agree well with the simulations.

The generation of high intensity, ultrashort x-ray pulses enables exciting new experimental capabilities, such as femtosecond pump-probe experiments used to temporally resolve material structural dynamics on atomic time scales. Thomson backscattering of a high intensity laser pulse with a bright relativistic electron bunch is a promising method for producing such high-brightness x-ray pulses in the 10–100 keV range within a compact facility. While a variety of methods for producing subpicosecond x-ray bursts by Thomson scattering exist, including compression of the electron bunch to subpicosecond bunch lengths and/or colliding a subpicosecond laser pulse in a side-on geometry to minimize the interaction time, a promising alternative approach to achieving this goal while maintaining ultrahigh brightness is the production of a time-correlated (or chirped) x-ray pulse in conjunction with pulse slicing or compression. We present the results of a complete analysis of this process using a recently developed 3D time and frequency-domain code for analyzing the spatial, temporal, and spectral properties an x-ray beam produced by relativistic Thomson scattering. Based on the relativistic differential cross section, this code has the capability to calculate time and space dependent spectra of the x-ray photons produced from linear Thomson scattering for both bandwidth-limited and chirped incident laser pulses. Spectral broadening of the scattered x-ray pulse resulting from the incident laser bandwidth, laser focus, and the transverse and longitudinal phase space of the electron beam were examined. Simulations of chirped x-ray pulse production using both a chirped electron beam and a chirped laser pulse are presented. Required electron beam and laser parameters are summarized by investigating the effects of beam emittance, energy spread, and laser bandwidth on the scattered x-ray spectrum. It is shown that sufficient temporal correlation in the scattered x-ray spectrum to produce sub-100 fs temporal slice resolution can be produced from state-of-the-art, high-brightness electron beams without the need to perform longitudinal compression on the electron bunch.

There has been much recent experimental and theoretical interest in the blowout regime of plasma wakefield acceleration, which features ultrahigh accelerating fields, linear transverse focusing forces, and nonlinear plasma motion. A quantitative understanding of the blowout regime including all these effects has, to this point, been available only through detailed simulations. This paper represents an initial step towards an analytical theory of this regime, in which the mechanism of energy loss in the drive beam is investigated. We find, first from examination of electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations, and then through analytical investigations, that under short pulse, high-charge conditions, the plasma electrons receive a strong initial push along the direction of beam motion. This nonlinear effect is unanticipated by linear theory, where the return current motion is in the opposite direction. In the limit of short pulses (the $\delta$-function limit), the beam energy loss is shown to be linear in charge even with a nonlinear plasma response dominated by relativistic, electromagnetic effects, despite the fact that the initial plasma electron response changes qualitatively from the familiar electrostatic, nonrelativistic limit.

The particle-core model for a continuous cylindrical beam is used to describe the motion of single particles oscillating in a uniform linear focusing channel. Using a random variation of the focusing forces, the model is deployed as proof of principle for the occurrence of large single particle radii without the presence of initial mismatch of the beam core. Multiparticle simulations of a periodic 3D transport channel are then used to qualify and quantify the effects in a realistic accelerator lattice.

In typical diagnostic applications, intense ion beams are intercepted by a conducting plate associated with devices used to measure beam phase-space projections. This results in the transverse space-charge field near the plate being shorted out, rendering simple envelope models with constant space-charge strength inaccurate. Here we develop corrected envelope models based on analytical calculations to account for this effect on the space-charge term of the envelope equations, thereby removing a systematic source of error in the equations and enabling more accurate comparisons with experiment. For common intense beam parameters, we find that the envelope correction occurs primarily in the envelope angles near the plate and that the effect can be large enough to degrade precision beam matching in periodic transport lattices. Results are verified with 3D self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations based on intense beam experiments associated with driver development for heavy-ion fusion.

In the x-ray, free-electron laser project, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), a proposal has been made to generate a shorter light pulse by placing a spoiler foil in the middle of a compressor chicane: The foil has a small slot, which selects out the small fraction of particles passing through it (“target particles”) to lase. In this report, using the method of field matching, we obtain longitudinal and transverse impedances and wakefields for several models of the proposed LCLS spoiler foil. We consider the model of a pencil beam and of a cylindrically symmetric, bi-Gaussian beam that is wider than it is long. Third, we generate a Green function that allows us to consider asymmetric beams also. For target particles of the tilted, tri-Gaussian beam that is found at the LCLS spoiler location we obtain approximate analytical formulas and numerical results for wakefield kicks in the three directions. We find that the kicks, after correction using a simple dipole and quadrupole, are all within tolerances.

Collective effects, such as the microwave instability, influence the longitudinal dynamics of an electron beam in a storage ring. In a storage ring free electron laser (FEL) they can compete with the induced beam heating and thus be treated as a further concomitant perturbing source of the beam dynamics. Bunch length and energy spread measurements, carried out at the Super-ACO storage ring, can be correctly interpreted according to a broad-band impedance model. Quantitative estimations of the relative role that is played by the microwave instability and the laser heating in shaping the beam longitudinal dynamics have been obtained by the analysis of the equilibrium laser power. It has been performed in terms of either a theoretical limit, implemented with the measured beam longitudinal characteristics, or the numerical results obtained by a macroparticle tracking code, which includes the laser pulse propagation. Such an analysis, carried out for different operating points of the Super-ACO storage ring FEL, indicates that the laser heating counteracts the microwave instability.

A tall, dielectric-lined rectangular wakefield microstructure is analyzed as a possible element of an advanced linear wakefield accelerator. This accelerator would be driven by a train of fs electron microbunches that would be chopped out of a longer bunch using a powerful ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser and then formed into a train of rectangular-profile bunches using a quadrupole. The bunches set up a periodic wakefield in the microstructure that can be built up to $400–600\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$, for example, using a train of ten 3-fs 1-pC bunches. Two major issues are examined. First, interference is studied using the particle-in-cell code KARAT between transition radiation and Cerenkov wakefield radiation, both set up by the passage of a charge bunch through a dielectric structure of finite length. Of significance is the difference in propagation speeds of transition radiation and Cerenkov radiation (which travels almost at the vacuum light speed $c$) and the magnitude of the respective fields. Second, stability is examined for drive and accelerated bunches using computations of test particle orbits in the longitudinal and transverse wakefields excited by the drive bunches. It is found that nearly all test electrons in the drive bunches are confined within the structure for a travel distance of 30 cm or more, while test electrons located in an accelerated bunch can have stable motion over greater than 30 cm without passing through the structure walls.

We develop a new method to simulate coherent synchrotron radiation numerically. It is based on the mesh calculation of the electromagnetic field in the frequency domain. We make an approximation in the Maxwell equation which allows a mesh size much larger than the relevant wavelength so that the computing time is tolerable. Using the equation, we can perform a mesh calculation of coherent synchrotron radiation in transient states with shielding effects by the vacuum chamber. The simulation results obtained by this method are compared with analytic solutions. Though, for the comparison with theories, we adopt simplifications such as longitudinal Gaussian distribution, zero-width transverse distribution, horizontal uniform bend, and a vacuum chamber with rectangular cross section, the method is applicable to general cases.

A spin matching method to cure intrinsic coupled spin resonances in the AGS is proposed and explored using an extension of the existing DEPOL program algorithm. The extension of DEPOL to handle linear coupling in the polarized beam acceleration is documented. Data collected from recent polarized proton experiments in the AGS are compared with the predictions derived from the extended DEPOL program.

This paper employs a one-dimensional kinetic model to investigate the nonlinear longitudinal dynamics of a long coasting beam propagating through a perfectly conducting circular pipe with radius $r_w$. The average axial electric field is expressed as $⟨E_z^s⟩=-e_b{g}_0\partial {\lambda }_b/\partial z-e_b{g}_2{r}_w^2{\partial }^3{\lambda }_b/\partial z^3$, where $g_0$ and $g_2$ are constant geometric factors, and ${\lambda }_b(z,t)=\int d{p}_z{F}_b(z,p_z,t)$ is the line density. Assuming a waterbag distribution for the longitudinal distribution function $F_b(z,p_z,t)$, it is shown that weakly nonlinear disturbances moving near the sound speed evolve according to the Korteweg–deVries equation.

Here we will derive the general theory of the beam-breakup instability in recirculating linear accelerators, in which the bunches do not have to be at the same rf phase during each recirculation turn. This is important for the description of energy recovery linacs where bunches are recirculated at a decelerating phase of the rf wave and for other recirculator arrangements where different rf phases are of an advantage. Furthermore it can be used for the analysis of phase errors of recirculated bunches. It is shown how the threshold current for a given linac can be computed and a remarkable agreement with tracking data is demonstrated. The general formulas are then analyzed for several analytically solvable cases, which show (a) why different higher order modes (HOMs) in one cavity do not couple so that the most dangerous modes can be considered individually; (b) how different HOM frequencies have to be in order to consider them separately; (c) that no optics can cause the HOMs of two cavities to cancel; (d) how an optics can avoid the addition of the instabilities of two cavities; and (e) how a HOM in a multiple-turn recirculator interferes with itself. Furthermore, a simple method to compute the orbit deviations produced by cavity misalignments has also been introduced. It is shown that the beam-breakup instability always occurs before the orbit excursion becomes very large.

In order to obtain high magnetic fields in a short period undulator, superconductive undulators have been actively investigated in recent years. In this paper, however, we propose a new approach, the cryogenic permanent magnet undulator (CPMU) design, using permanent magnets at the cryogenic temperature of liquid nitrogen or higher. This cryogenic scheme can be easily adapted to currently existing in-vacuum undulators and it improves the magnetic field performance by 30%–50%. Unlike superconductive undulators operating around the liquid helium temperature, there is no big technological difficulty such as the thermal budget problem. In addition, existing field correction techniques are applicable to the CPMUs. Since there is no quench in the CPMUs, the operation of the CPMUs has the same reliability as conventional permanent magnet undulators.

Saturation of a high-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser (HGHG-FEL) at 266 nm has been accomplished at the Brookhaven National Laboratory/Deep Ultra Violet Free Electron Laser Facility (BNL/DUV-FEL) by seeding with an 800 nm Ti:sapphire laser. We describe the diagnostics used to characterize the electron beam and the FEL output. Analytic and simulation calculations of the HGHG output are presented and compared with the experimental data. We also discuss the chirped pulse amplification of a frequency chirped seed by an energy chirped electron beam. The third harmonic at 88 nm accompanying the 266 nm fundamental has been used in an ion pair imaging experiment in chemistry, the first application of the BNL/DUV-FEL.

The aim of the CLIC Test Facility CTF3 at CERN is to demonstrate the feasibility of the key points of the two-beam acceleration based compact linear collider study. In particular, it addresses the efficient generation of a drive beam with the appropriate time structure of the electron bunches in order to produce high power rf pulses at a frequency of 30 GHz. This time structure requires a high bunch repetition frequency. It is obtained by successive injections of bunch trains into an isochronous ring using transversely deflecting rf structures. The major goal of the now completed first phase of the CTF3 was to achieve the bunch train combination at low charge. In this paper, we give a description of the project and summarize the experimental results, with a focus on the successful bunch frequency multiplication for various factors up to 5.