The simultaneous acceleration of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{-}$ beams in a radio frequency quadruple accelerator has been numerically simulated and the results are presented in this paper. The micropulses of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{-}$ beams have been measured in dual beam acceleration experiments, which verified the numerical simulations and feasibilities of dual beam acceleration.

In this work we developed a new rf deflector based on the $H$ resonator, which differs from previous ones in its design, the type of rf fundamental mode and the possibility of providing the $\pi$-mode standing wave for the beam in the deflection system. Because of the last aspect, the transverse shunt impedance of this deflector is much higher in comparison with its analogues. This idea was originally intended for application in the funneling system of the European Spallation Source, but we later found many additional applications, in particular, as the bunch separator after the electron and proton linear accelerators. We studied the beam dynamics and the electrodynamics and optimized the device parameters in the assumed range of frequency of 150–700 MHz for the proton beam and 1000–1500 MHz for the electron beam. To make the final choice we analyzed rf deflectors of different designs. We manufactured the experimental sample tested at the low rf power level.

Turn-by-turn beam profile data measured at the Fermilab Booster are studied. Lattice models with experimental accelerator ramping parameters are used to obtain the lattice functions for data analysis. We studied the horizontal and vertical emittance growth behavior in different stages of a booster ramping cycle and its relation to the beam intensity. The transverse and longitudinal components in the horizontal beam width are separated by a fitting model which makes use of the different scaling rules of the beam momentum. We analyze the post-transition horizontal beam size oscillation based on a model where the longitudinal phase-space mismatch has resulted from rf voltage mismatch during the transition-energy crossing. We carried out systematic multiparticle simulation to show that the source of the vertical emittance growth is a combination of the random errors in skew-quadrupole and dipole fields, and the systematic Montague resonance. The effect of random quadrupole field is small for the Fermilab Booster because the betatron envelope tunes are reasonably far away from the half-integer stop band.

A detailed model of the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) guide field, including beam-beam interaction computed in the weak-strong regime, is the basis for a multiturn simulation of luminosity. The simulation reproduces the dependence of luminosity on bunch current that is measured in the storage ring, at both high-energy ($5.3\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{\text{beam}}$) and in the wiggler-dominated low energy ($\mathrm{CESR}\mathrm{\text{−}}c$) configuration ($1.9\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{\text{beam}}$). Dynamics are determined entirely by the physics of propagation through the individual guide field elements with no free parameters. Energy dependence of the compensation of the transverse coupling introduced by the experimental solenoid is found to significantly degrade specific luminosity. The simulation also indicates a strong dependence of limiting beam-beam tune shift parameter on the geometric mean of synchrotron tune and bunch length.

Studies of the dynamics of longitudinal space-charge waves in space-charge dominated beams propagating through a transport channel with a long solenoid are performed at the University of Maryland. In this paper, we report some experimental results on the energy modulations converted from density modulations. By changing the working conditions of the electron gun, pure initial density modulations are generated. Energy perturbation waveforms are measured with a high-resolution energy analyzer. The experimental results are compared with both the linear theory and the simulation results. Good agreements are achieved for the relationship between the energy and current perturbation strengths.

There have been active efforts in the U.S., Europe, and Japan on the design of a neutrino factory. This type of facility produces intense beams of neutrinos from the decay of muons in a high-energy storage ring. In the U.S., a second detailed feasibility study (FS2) for a neutrino factory was completed in 2001. Since that report was published, new ideas in bunching, cooling, and acceleration of muon beams have been developed. We have incorporated these ideas into a new facility design, which we designate as study 2B (ST2B), that should lead to significant cost savings over the FS2 design.

Bent crystal channeling has been observed with protons and fully stripped gold ions in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Prior to 2003, a bent crystal was installed in one ring of RHIC as the first stage of a two stage collimation system. The observed channeling efficiency was approximately $25\%$, less than half of original predictions. We show that this is due to a difference between the model and real Twiss parameters at the crystal location and our improved understanding of the beam halo. Collimation using the crystal was unsuccessful and raised background at the STAR detector by as much as a factor of 2 because of the low channeling efficiency. We give a report of our channeling studies in RHIC and describe our experience using the bent crystal as a collimator. The results are discussed and compared to simulations and theoretical predictions.

The first beam measurements with a cold-bore superconducting in-vacuum undulator in a storage ring are reported. Undulators are x-ray generators in light sources. The physical limitations of these devices limit the intensity and the brilliance of the x-ray beam. At present the undulators are made from permanent magnets. It was shown in earlier papers that at low electron beam intensities superconductive wires in the vacuum beam pipe can overcome the limitations inherent to permanent magnet undulators. It was argued that the use of these novel devices in light sources with high beam currents may be limited by the extreme anomalous skin effect regime in Cu at 4.2 K, which has so far undergone very little investigation, and the power deposited by the infrared part of the synchrotron radiation. The purpose of this paper is to present measurements of these effects at the synchrotron light source ANKA with stored currents up to 200 mA.

We report results from an experiment that demonstrates the successful superposition of wakefields excited by 50 MeV bunches which travel $\sim 50\mathrm{cm}$ along the axis of a cylindrical waveguide which is lined with alumina. The bunches are prepared by splitting a single laser pulse prior to focusing it onto the cathode of an rf gun into two pulses and inserting an optical delay in the path of one of them. Wakefields from two short (5–6 psec) 0.15–0.35 nC bunches are superimposed and the energy loss of each bunch is measured as the separation between the bunches is varied so as to encompass approximately one wakefield period ($\sim 21\mathrm{cm}$). A spectrum of $\sim 40{\mathrm{TM}}_{0m}$ eigenmodes is excited by the bunch. A substantial retarding wakefield ($2.65\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}·\mathrm{nC}$ for just the first bunch) is developed because of the short bunch length and the narrow vacuum channel diameter (3 mm) through which they move. The energy loss of the second bunch exhibits a narrow peak when the bunch spacing is varied by only 4 mm (13.5 psec). This experiment is compared with a related experiment reported by a group at the Argonne National Laboratory where the bunch spacing was not varied and a much weaker retarding wakefield ($\sim 0.1\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}·\mathrm{nC}$ for the first bunch) comprising only about 10 eigenmodes was excited by a train of long ($\sim 9\mathrm{mm}$) bunches.

CERN is currently assembling the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) that will accelerate and bring in collision 7 TeV protons for high energy physics. Such a superconducting magnet-based accelerator can be controlled only when the field errors of production and installation of all magnetic elements are known to the required accuracy. The ideal way to compensate the field errors obviously is to have direct diagnostics on the beam. For the LHC, however, a system solely based on beam feedback may be too demanding. The present baseline for the LHC control system hence requires an accurate forecast of the magnetic field and the multipole field errors to reduce the burden on the beam-based feedback. The field model is the core of this magnetic prediction system, that we call the field description for the LHC (FIDEL). The model will provide the forecast of the magnetic field at a given time, magnet operating current, magnet ramp rate, magnet temperature, and magnet powering history. The model is based on the identification and physical decomposition of the effects that contribute to the total field in the magnet aperture of the LHC dipoles. Each effect is quantified using data obtained from series measurements, and modeled theoretically or empirically depending on the complexity of the physical phenomena involved. This paper presents the developments of the new finely tuned magnetic field model and, using the data accumulated through series tests to date, evaluates its accuracy and predictive capabilities over a sector of the machine.

We have performed 3D computing simulations to study the magnetic field distribution of the injection chicane dipoles in the SNS accumulator ring. The simulations yield the performance characteristics of the magnets and generate the magnetic field data in three dimensional grids for further beam tracking study. Based on the simulation data, a 3D multipole expansion of the chicane dipole field, consisting of the generalized gradients and their derivatives, has been made. The harmonic and pseudoharmonic components in the expansion give much insight into the magnet physics and can fit directly into theoretical frame work of beam optics. The expansion is quasianalytical by fitting numeric data into interpolation functions. A 5th-order representation of the magnetic field is generated, and the effects of even higher-order terms on the field representation are discussed.

It has been predicted and found experimentally that the polarization direction of particles on the closed orbit of a circular accelerator can be manipulated, without a noticeable reduction of polarization, by means of a slow variation of magnetic fields. This feature has been used to avoid imperfection resonances where the spin precession frequency is close to a multiple of the circulation frequency. As a first step we show that this property is related to an adiabatic invariant of spin motion. The proof is relatively simple since it involves only two frequencies, the spin-rotation frequency and the particle’s rotation frequency on the closed orbit. The invariant spin field (ISF) describes a periodic polarization state of a beam’s phase-space distribution. This ISF leads to a very useful parametrization of coupled spin and orbit dynamics. We prove that this ISF gives rise to an adiabatic invariant of spin-orbit motion. This proof is much more complicated since the orbital frequencies are involved. Because of this adiabatic invariance, a beam’s spin field follows slow changes of the accelerator’s ISF that can occur during a slow acceleration cycle. This feature is essential when high-order spin-orbit resonances are crossed, since it allows polarization that has been reduced at the resonance condition to be recovered, to a large degree, after the resonances have been crossed.

Since the earliest papers on undulators were published, it has been known how to calculate the spontaneous emission spectrum from short undulators when the magnetic field strength parameter is small compared to unity, or in “single” frequency sinusoidal undulators where the magnetic field strength parameter is comparable to or larger than unity, but where the magnetic field amplitude is constant throughout the undulator. Fewer general results have been obtained in the case where the magnetic device is both short, i.e., the magnetic field strength parameter changes appreciably throughout the device, and the magnetic field strength is high enough that ponderomotive effects, radiation retardation, and harmonic generation are important physical phenomena. In this paper a general method is presented for calculating the radiation spectrum for short, high-field magnetic devices. It is used to calculate the emission from some designs of recent interest.

A coupled-bunch instability caused by an electron cloud has been observed in the KEKB LER. The time evolution of the instabilities just after the turning-off the transverse bunch feedback was recorded with several weak solenoid-field conditions, which are used to suppress the vertical blowup of the beam size due to the electron cloud. The mode spectra and their growth rates of the coupled-bunch instabilities were compared with simulations of electrons moving in drift space, a weak solenoid field, and a strong bending field. Mode spectra without a solenoid field support the model where the instability is dominated by the electron clouds in the drift space with a lower secondary yield of photoelectron ${\delta }_{2,\max }=1.0$ rather than 1.5. With the solenoid field, the behavior of unstable modes and the growth rate with the strength of solenoid field also support the simulation with lower secondary emission yield.

A single particle dynamics in beam bending elements including electrostatic fields is formulated. A general form of scalar potentials of electrostatic deflectors is obtained from solutions of the Maxwell equation having axial symmetry. Equations of motion of a charged particle in various types of the electrostatic deflectors are derived based on Hamiltonian formalism. The equation of motion in dispersion suppressors, which are a combination of the electrostatic deflectors and dipole magnets, are also formulated and generalized. Application of one of the dispersion suppressors to an existing heavy ion storage ring S-LSR provides the better condition for generation of a multidimensional crystalline beam. It is shown that this condition is achievable by real fabricated devices composed of a dipole magnet and an electrostatic deflector equipped with intermediate electrodes. The effectiveness of this dispersion suppressor for the real operation is shown by a particle tracking including the nonlinear field component.

Stupakov has used a perturbation method to estimate the transverse impedance at zero frequency of a rectangular collimator having characteristic taper length $\ell$, half-width $w$, and average vertical half-aperture $b_0$, under the condition $b_0\ll w\ll \ell$. We use the boundary perturbation method to approximate the transverse impedance of a flat, slowly tapered chamber in the complementary limit, $w=\infty$.

It is generally accepted that longitudinal stochastic cooling of bunched beams is not possible without a synchrotron frequency spread. Experiments in the Fermilab Recycler storage ring demonstrate the opposite: with an antiproton bunch in a parabolic potential well (no synchrotron frequency spread), the cooling was almost as efficient as in a trapezoidal potential well (with a relative synchrotron frequency spread of $\sim 100\%$). A possible explanation is that, at Recycler parameters, diffusion processes are sufficient to provide particle mixing.

The electron cloud may cause transverse single-bunch instabilities of proton beams such as those in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). We simulate these instabilities and the consequent emittance growth with the code HEADTAIL, which models the turn-by-turn interaction between the cloud and the beam. Recently some new features were added to the code, in particular, electric conducting boundary conditions at the chamber wall, transverse feedback, and variable beta functions. The sensitivity to several numerical parameters has been studied by varying the number of interaction points between the bunch and the cloud, the phase advance between them, and the number of macroparticles used to represent the protons and the electrons. We present simulation results for both LHC at injection and SPS with LHC-type beam, for different electron-cloud density levels, chromaticities, and bunch intensities. Two regimes with qualitatively different emittance growth are observed: above the threshold of the transverse mode-coupling (TMC) type of instability there is a rapid blowup of the beam, while below this threshold a slow, long-term, emittance growth remains. The rise time of the TMC instability caused by the electron cloud is compared with results obtained using an equivalent broadband resonator impedance model, demonstrating reasonable agreement.

Strained-layer GaAs and strained-superlattice GaAs photocathodes are used at Jefferson Laboratory to create high average current beams of highly spin-polarized electrons. High electron yield, or quantum efficiency (QE), is obtained only when the photocathode surface is atomically clean. For years, exposure to atomic hydrogen or deuterium has been the photocathode cleaning technique employed at Jefferson Laboratory. This work demonstrates that atomic hydrogen cleaning is not necessary when precautions are taken to ensure that clean photocathode material from the vendor is not inadvertently dirtied while samples are prepared for installation inside photoemission guns. Moreover, this work demonstrates that QE and beam polarization can be significantly reduced when clean high-polarization photocathode material is exposed to atomic hydrogen from an rf dissociator-style atomic hydrogen source. Surface analysis provides some insight into the mechanisms that degrade QE and polarization due to atomic hydrogen cleaning.

The antigrazing ridges installed in two Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) warm straight sections have been tested with beam. Significant reduction in electron cloud induced pressure rise has been observed. In addition, the pressure rise pattern at these locations has changed. The effect of antigrazing ridges on the RHIC warm section electron cloud are discussed, as well as possible mechanisms.