The process of photoproduction of electron-positron pairs in bent single crystals is considered. This consideration is based on the theory of coherent pairproduction in straight single crystals and take into account the linear polarization of the photon beam. In particular, it is shown that the probability of the process for $\gamma$ quanta with energies from 100 GeV is significantly higher than the one in an amorphous medium. The positive features of the photoproduction in bent crystals compared to straight ones are underlined from the point of view of possible applications.

A laser-driven repetition-rated 1.9 MeV proton beam line composed of permanent quadrupole magnets (PMQs), a radio frequency (rf) phase rotation cavity, and a tunable monochromator is developed to evaluate and to test the simulation of laser-accelerated proton beam transport through an integrated system for the first time. In addition, the proton spectral modulation and focusing behavior of the rf phase rotation cavity device is monitored with input from a PMQ triplet. In the 1.9 MeV region we observe very weak proton defocusing by the phase rotation cavity. The final transmitted bunch duration and transverse profile are well predicted by the PARMILA particle transport code. The transmitted proton beam duration of 6 ns corresponds to an energy spread near 5% for which the transport efficiency is simulated to be 10%. The predictive capability of PARMILA suggests that it can be useful in the design of future higher energy transport beam lines as part of an integrated laser-driven ion accelerator system.

Radiation of a charged particle moving parallel to an inhomogeneous surface is considered. Within a single formalism periodic and random gratings are examined. For the periodically inhomogeneous surface we derive new expressions for the dispersion relation and the spectral-angular intensity. In particular, for a given observation direction two wavelengths are emitted instead of one wavelength of the standard Smith-Purcell effect. For a rough surface we show that the main contribution to the radiation intensity is given by surface polaritons induced on the interface between two media. These polaritons are multiply scattered on the roughness of the surface and convert into real photons. The spectral-angular intensity is calculated and its dependence on different parameters is revealed.

The paper presents results of FLUKA simulations of the residual activity induced by heavy ions in two target configurations representing: (1) a beam pipe of an accelerator and (2) a bulky accelerator structure like a magnet yoke or a coil. The target materials were stainless steel and copper representing the most common construction materials used for basic accelerator components. For these two materials, the inventory of the induced isotopes depends mainly on the target material and much less on the projectile species. Time evolution of the induced activity can be described by means of a generic curve that is independent from the projectile mass. Dependence of the induced residual activity on selected ion beam parameters was studied. The main goal of the study was establishing a scaling law expanding the existing proton beam-loss tolerance to heavy-ion beams. This scaling law enables specifying beam-loss criteria for projectile species from proton up to uranium at energies from $200\mathrm{MeV}/\mathrm{u}$ up to $1\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{u}$.

The Blumlein pulse forming line (BPFL) consisting of an inner coaxial pulse forming line (PFL) and an outer coaxial PFL is widely used in the field of pulsed power, especially for intense electron-beam accelerators (IEBA). The output voltage waveform determines the quality and characteristics of the output beam current of the IEBA. Comparing with the conventional BPFL, an IEBA based on a helical type BPFL can increase the duration of the output voltage in the same geometrical volume. However, for the helical type BPFL, the voltage waveform on a matched load may be distorted which influences the electron-beam quality. In this paper, an IEBA based on helical type BPFL is studied theoretically. Based on telegrapher equations of the BPFL, a formula for the output voltage of IEBA is obtained when the transition section is taken into account, where the transition section is between the middle cylinder of BPFL and the load. From the theoretical analysis, it is found that the wave impedance and transit time of the transition section influence considerably the main pulse voltage waveform at the load, a step is formed in front of the main pulse, and a sharp spike is also formed at the end of the main pulse. In order to get a well-shaped square waveform at the load and to improve the electron-beam quality of such an accelerator, the wave impedance of the transition section should be equal to that of the inner PFL of helical type BPFL and the transit time of the transition section should be designed as short as possible. Experiments performed on an IEBA with the helical type BPFL show reasonable agreement with theoretical analysis.

A monoenergetic gamma-ray (MEGa-ray) source based on Compton scattering, targeting nuclear physics applications such as nuclear resonance fluorescence, has been constructed and commissioned at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In this paper, the overall architecture of the system, as well as some of the design decisions (such as laser pulse lengths and interaction geometry) made in the development of the source, are discussed. The performances of the two laser systems (one for electron production, one for scattering), the electron photoinjector, and the linear accelerator are also detailed, and initial $\gamma$-ray results are presented.

A high peak brilliance, laser-based Compton-scattering $\gamma$-ray source, capable of producing quasimonoenergetic photons with energies ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 MeV has been recently developed and used to perform nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) experiments. Techniques for characterization of $\gamma$-ray beam parameters are presented. The key source parameters are the size ($0.01{\mathrm{mm}}^2$), horizontal and vertical divergence ($6\times 10{\mathrm{mrad}}^2$), duration (16 ps), and spectrum and intensity (${10}^5\mathrm{photons}/\mathrm{shot}$). These parameters are summarized by the peak brilliance, $1.5\times {10}^{15}\mathrm{photons}/{\mathrm{mm}}^2/{\mathrm{mrad}}^2/\mathrm{s}/0.1\%$ bandwidth, measured at 478 keV. Additional measurements of the flux as a function of the timing difference between the drive laser pulse and the relativistic photoelectron bunch, $\gamma$-ray beam profile, and background evaluations are presented. These results are systematically compared to theoretical models and computer simulations. NRF measurements performed on ${}^7\mathrm{Li}$ in LiH demonstrate the potential of Compton-scattering photon sources to accurately detect isotopes in situ.

A novel cavity structure is described that could be the basis for a two-beam, high-gradient, accelerator. Versions of the structure could be used for acceleration of beams of electrons, positrons, muons, protons, or heavier ions; with either electron or proton drive beams. The structure embodies cavities that are excited in several harmonically related eigenmodes, such that rf fields reach their peak values only during small portions of each basic rf period. This feature could help raise breakdown and pulse heating thresholds. The two-beam accelerator structure comprises chains of these cavities. In this configuration, no transfer elements are needed to couple rf energy from the drive beam to the accelerated beam, since both beams traverse the same cavities. Purposeful cavity detuning is used to provide much smaller deceleration for a high-current drive beam, than acceleration for a low-current accelerated beam, i.e., to provide a high transformer ratio. A self-consistent theory is presented to calculate idealized acceleration gradient, transformer ratio, and efficiency for energy transfer from the drive beam to the accelerated beam, for either parallel or antiparallel motion of the beams. The theory has been cast in dimensionless quantities so as to facilitate optimization with respect to efficiency, acceleration gradient, or transformer ratio, and to illuminate the interdependence of these parameters. Means for dramatically shortening the structure fill time are also described. However, no beam dynamics analysis is presented, so the range of parameters within which this new acceleration concept can be used will remain uncertain until it is established that stable beam transport along the structure using an appropriate focusing system is possible.

This paper is divided into two parts. The first part presents recent measurements of ground motion in the LHC tunnel at CERN. From these measurements, an update of the ground motion model currently used in accelerator simulations is presented. It contains new features like a model of the lateral motion and the technical noise. In the second part, it is shown how this model can be used to evaluate the seismic response of a linear accelerator in the frequency domain. Then, the approach is validated numerically on a regular lattice, taking the dynamic behavior of the machine alignment stage and the mechanical stabilization of the quadrupoles into account.

This paper presents the theory and method of calculation of laser assisted charge exchange injection via a broad shape resonance of the hydrogen atom with a new level of accuracy. The method is optimized for fast calculations, needed for practical estimations of laser-stripping efficiency for charge exchange injection. The novelty is that we take into account the resonance width and continuous spectrum of the hydrogen atom in our model. As a result we show that the broad shape resonance can fully compensate the Doppler broadening of the laser frequency in realistic beams without applying laser chirp and increasing laser power. The resulting scheme can be realized by applying a magnetic field of optimal strength to the high-energy beam irradiated by laser field. Another novelty is that we use the temporal Schrödinger equation as the basis of our model in contrast with the existing method of semiempirical cross sections, which is widely considered in atomic physics. The strict quantum mechanical approach gives the temporal evolution of the wave function and the ionization probability of the hydrogen atom as a function of laser and static electric fields. Moreover, it reveals quantum effects at the strong laser field which cannot be described with the cross section treatment. It is shown that the effects play a significant role in the optimization of the magnetic field for the laser-stripping scheme.

Beam-beam effects present one of the major factors limiting the luminosity of colliders. In the energy recovery linac (ERL) based eRHIC design, the electron beam, accelerated in a superconducting ERL, collides with the proton beam circulating in the RHIC ring. During such collisions the electron beam undergoes a very strong beam-beam interaction with the protons, which warrants careful examination. We evaluated transverse disruption and linear mismatch effects in the electron beam caused by collisions and considered several countermeasures to mitigate the emittance growth from these interactions. The minimum required aperture of transport lines is calculated that should allow the transport of the electron beam during the deceleration process.

A relatively new technique for measuring the electron cloud density in storage rings has been developed and successfully demonstrated [S. De Santis, J. M. Byrd, F. Caspers, A. Krasnykh, T. Kroyer, M. T. F. Pivi, and K. G. Sonnad, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 094801 (2008).]. We present the experimental results of a systematic application of this technique at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring Test Accelerator. The technique is based on the phase modulation of the $TE$ mode transmitted in a synchrotron beam pipe caused by the periodic variation of the density of electron plasma. Because of the relatively simple hardware requirements, this method has become increasingly popular and has been since successfully implemented in several machines. While the principles of this technique are straightforward, quantitative derivation of the electron cloud density from the measurement requires consideration of several effects, which we address in detail.

An analytical solution of a wakefield from a charge moving on the axis of a dielectric-filled cylindrical cavity is derived. A solution to the wakefield in a waveguide with only a boundary at the cavity entrance is already known. To take into account a boundary at the cavity exit, we introduce an imaginary antibeam, with opposite charge, which is created at the same time when the beam passes the exit boundary and continues to move along with the original beam at the same velocity. Although the beam has been annihilated in the net effect, the original beam and the antibeam produce their own wakefields, respectively, because they were created at different times. These superimposed fields are then mirror reflected as usual by the conducting exit boundary and the wakefield can be obtained by properly mirror reflecting them whenever it reaches a boundary. We find a resonance condition to enhance wakefields with multiple bunches of charges, and show that the acceleration gradient increases under that condition.

Short period, high field undulators can enable short wavelength free electron lasers (FELs) at low beam energy, with decreased gain length, thus allowing much more compact and less costly FEL systems. We describe an ongoing initiative to develop such an undulator based on an approach that utilizes novel cryogenic materials. While this effort was begun in the context of extending the photon energy regime of a laser-plasma accelerator based electron source, we consider here implications of its application to sub-fs scenarios in which more conventional injectors are employed. The use of such low-charge, ultrashort beams, which has recently been proposed as a method of obtaining single-spike performance in x-ray FELs, is seen in simulation to give unprecedented beam brightness. This brightness, when considered in tandem with short wavelength, high field undulators, enables extremely high performance FELs. Two examples discussed in this paper illustrate this point well. The first is the use of the SPARX injector at 2.1 GeV with 1 pC of charge to give 8 GW peak power in a single spike at 6.5 Å with a photon beam peak brightness greater than ${10}^{35}\mathrm{photons}/(\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{mm}}^2{\mathrm{mrad}}^{2}0.1\%\mathrm{BW})$, which will also reach LCLS wavelengths on the 5th harmonic. The second is the exploitation of the LCLS injector with 0.25 pC, 150 as pulses to lase at 1.5 Å using only 4.5 GeV energy; beyond this possibility, we present start-to-end simulations of lasing at unprecedented short wavelength, 0.15 Å, using 13.65 GeV LCLS design energy.

The University of Maryland electron ring is a small low energy machine for the study of space-charge dominated beams. Differential algebraic methods as implemented in COSY Infinity offer an accurate method to study and analyze single particle nonlinear dynamics. As a starting point for space-charge related studies, we undertook a comprehensive examination of the single particle nonlinear dynamics based on differential algebra methods. Quantities such as tunes, chromaticities, dispersion, amplitude dependent tune shifts, and resonance strengths were calculated, and robustness of the solutions with respect to errors tested. The model demonstrated that the earth’s magnetic field has a significant impact on the beam, and adds rich dynamics even in the absence of space charge. Initially we determined the tunes for which an injection-free idealization of the ring had the largest dynamic aperture. Our study then showed that the actual ring also had the largest dynamic aperture at these same tunes, and at these tunes was also least sensitive to errors. Comparison of predicted beam trajectories with measured data showed that the model was accurate for the examined area.

The European x-ray free electron laser is under construction at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY). The electron beam energy of up to 17.5 GeV will be achieved by using superconducting accelerator technology. Final prototyping, industrialization, and new infrastructure are the actual challenges with respect to the accelerating cavities. This paper describes the preparation strategy optimized for the cavity preparation procedure in industry. For the industrial fabrication and preparation, several new hardware components have been already developed at DESY. The design and construction of a semiautomated rf-measurement machine for dumbbells and end groups are described. In a collaboration among FNAL, KEK, and DESY, an automatic cavity tuning machine has been designed and four machines are under construction. The functionality of these machines with special attention to safety aspects is described in this paper. A new high pressure rinsing system has been developed and is operational.

In this paper we investigate and compare the properties of two narrow-bandwidth free-electron laser (FEL) schemes, one using self-seeding and the other high gain harmonic generation (HGHG). The two systems have been thoroughly studied analytically and numerically in the past. The aim of this work is to compare their performances when the FEL is driven by an electron beam with nonideal properties, thus including effects such as shot-to-shot energy fluctuations and nonlinear energy chirp. In both cases nonlinearities produce a bandwidth larger than the Fourier transform limited value. However, our analysis indicates that, for approximately the same output power levels, the self-seeding scheme is less affected than the HGHG scheme by quadratic energy chirps in the electron beam longitudinal phase space. This is confirmed by a specific numerical example corresponding to SPARX parameters where the electron beam was optimized to minimize the FEL gain length. The work has been carried out with the aid of the time dependent FEL codes GENESIS 1.3 (3D) and PERSEO (1D).

Preliminary studies performed with the cold bore superconducting undulator installed in the ANKA (Angstrom source Karlsruhe) storage ring suggest that the beam heat load is mainly due to the electron wall bombardment. Electron bombardment can both heat the cold vacuum chamber and induce an increase in the pressure because of gas desorption. In this contribution we compare the measurements of the pressure in a cold bore performed in the electron storage ring ANKA with the predictions obtained using the equations of gas dynamic balance in a cold vacuum chamber exposed to synchrotron radiation and electron bombardment. The balance results from two competing effects: the photon and electron stimulated desorption of the gas contained in the surface layer of the chamber wall and of the gas cryosorbed, and the cryopumping by the cold surface. We show that photodesorption alone cannot explain the experimental results and that electron multipacting is needed to reproduce the observed pressure rise. Electron bombardment can at the same time explain the observed beam heat load.

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) had resonance control instabilities at duty factors higher than approximately 4%. Systematic investigations have been carried out to understand the cause of the instability and to ensure the operational stability of the RFQ. The most critical source of the instability is revealed to be an interaction between hydrogen released by beam bombardments and the RFQ rf field resulting in a discharge, which consumes additional rf power and could cause the RFQ to operate in an unstable region. This paper reports improvement of the SNS RFQ operational stability based on the findings during the SNS operation.