Although octupoles, decapoles, and longitudinal gradient bending magnets (LGB) have been studied for many years, they are not usually included in light source lattices. They can, however, be beneficial in order to realize ultralow emittance and attain sufficient dynamic aperture. We present methods for achieving ultralow emittance and discuss optimization of the nonlinear dynamics with multipoles. We demonstrate how control of amplitude-dependent tune shift makes octupoles a powerful tool for dynamic aperture optimization. Control of higher-order chromaticity by octupoles and decapoles is straightforward; however, since this turns out to be not quite as efficient in high-brightness lattices with low arc dispersion, we apply it to a conventional lattice to demonstrate the potential. This paper also illustrates how high-field LGBs can be used to build a compact, bright hard x-ray source. Finally, we demonstrate in detail the application of octupoles as integral components of the MAX IV 3 GeV storage ring lattice.

The HIE-ISOLDE project at CERN proposes a superconducting upgrade to increase the energy range and quality of the radioactive ion beams produced at ISOLDE, which are currently postaccelerated by the normal conducting radioactive ion beam experiment linac. The specification and design choices for the HIE-ISOLDE linac are outlined along with a comprehensive beam dynamics study undertaken to understand and mitigate the sources of beam emittance dilution. The dominant cause of transverse emittance growth was attributed to the coupling between the transverse and longitudinal motions through the phase dependence of the rf defocusing force in the accelerating cavities. A parametric resonance induced by the coupling was observed and its excitation surveyed as a function of transverse phase advance using numerical simulations and analytic models to understand and avoid the regions of transverse beam instability. Other sources of emittance growth were studied and where necessary ameliorated, including the beam steering force in the quarter-wave resonator and the asymmetry of the rf defocusing forces in the solenoid focusing channel. A racetrack shaped beam port aperture was shown to improve the symmetry of the fields in the high-$\beta$ quarter-wave resonator and reduce the loss of acceptance under the offset used to compensate the steering force. The methods used to compensate the beam steering are described and an optimization routine written to minimize the steering effect when all cavities of a given family are offset by the same amount, taking into account the different velocity profiles across the range of mass-to-charge states accepted. The assumptions made in the routine were shown to be adequate and the results well correlated with the beam quality simulated in multiparticle beam dynamics simulations. The specification of the design tolerances is outlined based on studies of the sensitivity of the beam to misalignment and errors, with particular emphasis on the phase and amplitude stability required for the independently phased quarter-wave resonators.

The transformer ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum energy gain of the witness bunch to the maximum energy loss experienced by the drive bunch (or a bunch within a multidrive bunch train). This plays an important role in the collinear wakefield acceleration scheme. A high transformer ratio is desirable since it leads to a higher overall efficiency under similar conditions (e.g. the same beam loading, the same structure, etc.). One technique to enhance the transformer ratio beyond the ordinary limit of 2 is to use a ramped bunch train. The first experimental demonstration observed a transformer ratio only marginally above 2 due to the mismatch between the drive microbunch length and the frequency of the accelerating structure [C. Jing, A. Kanareykin, J. Power, M. Conde, Z. Yusof, P. Schoessow, and W. Gai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 144801 (2007)]. Recently, we revisited this experiment with an optimized microbunch length using a UV laser stacking technique at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility and measured a transformer ratio of 3.4. Measurements and data analysis from these experiments are presented in detail.

We study the effect of plasma temperature on ion motion in a plasma wakefield accelerator with parameters typical of a future high-energy accelerator. We show that the collapse of the plasma ions caused by the extremely high fields of ultradense electron bunches can be prevented only by a very high plasma ion temperature.

High average power free-electron lasers (FELs) require high average current electron injectors capable of generating high quality, short duration electron bunches with a repetition rate equal to the frequency of the rf linac. In this paper we propose, analyze, and simulate an rf-gated, gridded thermionic electron gun for use in high average power FELs. Thermionic cathodes can provide the necessary high current, have long lifetimes, and require modest vacuums. In the proposed configuration the rf-gated grid is modulated at the fundamental and 3rd harmonic of the linac frequency. The addition of the 3rd harmonic on the grid results in shorter electron bunches. In this configuration, every rf bucket of the linac accelerating field contains an electron bunch. Particle-in-cell simulations indicate that this approach can provide the necessary charge per bunch, bunch duration, longitudinal and transverse emittance, and repetition rate for high average power FELs operating in the IR regime.

Beam intensity is a key performance parameter for particle accelerators. Modern high-performance storage rings demand injectors that can deliver large currents per injection cycle, which translates to an increase in machine size and consumed power. Therefore, it is justifiable to look for ways to increase the injector’s performance while minimizing the size increase. We have investigated a number of ways to accumulate charge in a booster synchrotron and applied one of them to the NSLS-II booster. We have designed a scheme to transversely stack two bunch trains from the injector linac in the booster. In this paper we discuss this stacking scheme. The relevant booster dynamics are studied. The charge transport efficiency of the stacking scheme is studied in detail at injection and through a full booster ramp. Pulsed magnet requirements for the injection system and methods to achieve them are discussed. We show that the charge transport efficiency of the stacking scheme is similar to a single bunch train in the booster. This has become a critical design feature of the NSLS-II booster.

We propose a general method for tailoring the current distribution of relativistic electron bunches. The technique relies on a recently proposed method to exchange the longitudinal phase space emittance with one of the transverse emittances. The method consists of transversely shaping the bunch and then converting its transverse profile into a current profile via a transverse-to-longitudinal phase-space-exchange beam line. We show that it is possible to tailor the current profile to follow, in principle, any desired distributions. We demonstrate, via computer simulations, the application of the method to generate trains of microbunches with tunable spacing and linearly ramped current profiles. We also briefly explore potential applications of the technique.

Seeding an electron bunch prior to compression simultaneously shifts the laser modulation to shorter wavelengths while decreasing the required modulation amplitude. The final x-ray wavelength is then tunable by controlling the compression factor with the rf phase. In this paper we describe a two-chicane scheme that allows for large modulation amplitudes, extending the method to photocathode beams with significant uncorrelated energy spreads. The downside of such compressed seeding is the need to maintain bunching across an extended accelerator region. We present analytical estimates and computer simulations to study tolerances for a sample lattice. We also note that transportation of the fine compressed modulation structure is helped by error self-correction in the second chicane, an effect that may be of more general interest.

In the CTF3 (CLIC test facility 3) run of November 2007, a vertical beam instability has been found in the combiner ring during operation. After a careful analysis, the source of the instability has been identified in the vertical deflecting modes trapped in the rf deflectors and excited by the beam passage. A dedicated tracking code that includes the induced transverse wakefield and the multibunch multipassage effects has been written and the results of the beam dynamics analysis are presented in the paper. The mechanism of the instability was similar to the beam breakup in a linear accelerator or in an energy recovery linac. The results of the code allowed identifying the main key parameters driving such instability and allowed finding the main knobs to mitigate it. To completely suppress such beam instability, two new rf deflectors have been designed, constructed, and installed in the ring. In the new structures the frequency separation between the vertical and horizontal deflecting modes has been increased, changing the position of the rods inside the cells, and special antennas have been inserted to absorb the power released by the beam to the modes. The deflectors have been made in aluminum to reduce the costs and delivery time and have been successfully tested and installed in the ring. The design, the realization procedures, and the rf test results are illustrated.

In order to understand the performance of photonic band-gap (PBG) structures under realistic high gradient, high power, high repetition rate operation, a PBG accelerator structure was designed and tested at $X$ band (11.424 GHz). The structure consisted of a single test cell with matching cells before and after the structure. The design followed principles previously established in testing a series of conventional pillbox structures. The PBG structure was tested at an accelerating gradient of $65\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ yielding a breakdown rate of two breakdowns per hour at 60 Hz. An accelerating gradient above $110\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ was demonstrated at a higher breakdown rate. Significant pulsed heating occurred on the surface of the inner rods of the PBG structure, with a temperature rise of 85 K estimated when operating in 100 ns pulses at a gradient of $100\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ and a surface magnetic field of $890\mathrm{kA}/\mathrm{m}$. A temperature rise of up to 250 K was estimated for some shots. The iris surfaces, the location of peak electric field, surprisingly had no damage, but the inner rods, the location of the peak magnetic fields and a large temperature rise, had significant damage. Breakdown in accelerator structures is generally understood in terms of electric field effects. These PBG structure results highlight the unexpected role of magnetic fields in breakdown. The hypothesis is presented that the moderate level electric field on the inner rods, about $14\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$, is enhanced at small tips and projections caused by pulsed heating, leading to breakdown. Future PBG structures should be built to minimize pulsed surface heating and temperature rise.

Charged-particle motion is studied in the self-electric and self-magnetic fields of a well-matched, intense charged-particle beam and an applied periodic solenoidal magnetic focusing field. The beam is assumed to be in a state of adiabatic thermal equilibrium. The phase space is analyzed and compared with that of the well-known Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij (KV)-type beam equilibrium. It is found that the widths of nonlinear resonances in the adiabatic thermal beam equilibrium are narrower than those in the KV-type beam equilibrium. Numerical evidence is presented, indicating almost complete elimination of chaotic particle motion in the adiabatic thermal beam equilibrium.

The self-magnetic-pinch diode is being developed as an intense electron beam source for pulsed-power-driven x-ray radiography. In high-power operation, the beam electrons desorb contaminants from the anode surface from which positive ions are drawn to the cathode. The counterstreaming electrons and ions establish an equilibrium current. It has long been recognized, however, that expanding electrode plasmas can disrupt this equilibrium and cause rapid reduction of the diode impedance and the radiation pulse. Recently developed numerical techniques, which enable simultaneous modeling of particle currents with ${10}^{13}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}$ densities to plasmas of near solid density, are applied to a model of the self-magnetic-pinch diode which includes the formation and evolution of anode surface plasmas. Two mechanisms are shown to cause rapid impedance loss, anode plasma expansion into the anode-cathode (A-K) gap, and increased ion space-charge near the cathode surface. The former mechanism dominates for shorter A-K gaps, while the latter dominates for longer gaps. Model results qualitatively reproduce the time-dependent impedances measured for this diode.

The success of most of the proposed energy recovery linac (ERL) based electron accelerator projects for future storage ring replacements (SRR) and high power IR–free-electron lasers (FELs) largely depends on the development of an appropriate source. For example, to meet the FEL specifications [J. W. Lewellen, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 5534, 22 (2004)] electron beams with an unprecedented combination of high brightness, low emittance ($0.1\mu \mathrm{mrad}$), and high average current (hundreds of mA) are required. An elegant way to create a beam of such quality is to combine the high beam quality of a normal conducting rf photoinjector with the superconducting technology, i.e., to build a superconducting rf photoinjector (SRF gun). SRF gun R&D programs based on different approaches have been launched at a growing number of institutes and companies (AES, Beijing University, BESSY, BNL, DESY, FZD, TJNAF, Niowave, NPS, Wisconsin University). Substantial progress was achieved in recent years and the first long term operation was demonstrated at FZD [R. Xiang et al., in Proceedings of the 31st International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 09), Liverpool, UK (STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, 2009), p. 488]. In the near future SRF guns are expected to play an important role for linac-driven FEL facilities. In this paper we will review the concepts, the design parameters, and the status of the major SRF gun projects.

A nonlinear self-consistent theory has been constructed and used to investigate numerically the wakefield excitation in multilayered dielectric resonators by relativistic electron bunches. Analytical expressions for solenoidal and potential components of an excited electromagnetic field have been derived. The excitation of a five-zone dielectric resonator by relativistic electron bunches was numerically investigated and comparison was made between the longitudinal distribution of an axial electric field and the results obtained previously for a corresponding problem in the waveguide formulation. The necessity of optimizing geometrical parameters of the resonator to reduce mode amplitudes nonresonant with a bunch, and to obtain a symmetric distribution of the longitudinal electric field component in the drive and accelerating channels, has been demonstrated.

Coulomb effects in intrabeam scattering are taken into account in a way providing a correct description of the spin-dependent contribution to a beam loss rate. It allows one to calculate this rate for polarized $e^{\pm }$ beams at arbitrarily small values of $\delta \epsilon /\epsilon$, characterizing a relative change of the electron energy, $\epsilon$, in the laboratory system during the scattering event.

Investigations into producing an electron beam with ultralow vertical emittance have been conducted using the Australian Synchrotron 3 GeV storage ring. A method of tuning the emittance coupling (${ϵ}_y/{ϵ}_x$) has been developed using a machine model calibrated through the linear optics from closed orbits method. Direct measurements of the beam emittance have not been possible due to diagnostic limitations, however two independent indirect measurements both indicate a vertical emittance of 1.2–1.3 pm rad (${ϵ}_y/{ϵ}_x=0.01\%$). Other indirect measurements support the validity of these results. This result is the smallest vertical emittance currently achieved in a storage ring.

Simulations of the x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator are presented that include the frequency-dependent Bragg crystal reflectivity and the transverse diffraction and focusing using the two-dimensional FEL code GINGER. A review of the physics of Bragg crystal reflectors and the x-ray FEL oscillator is made, followed by a discussion of its numerical implementation in GINGER. The simulation results for a two-crystal cavity and realistic FEL parameters indicate $\sim {10}^9$ photons in a nearly Fourier-limited, ps pulse. Compressing the electron beam to 100 A and 100 fs results in comparable x-ray characteristics for relaxed beam emittance, energy spread, and/or undulator parameters, albeit in a larger radiation bandwidth. Finally, preliminary simulation results indicate that the four-crystal FEL cavity can be tuned in energy over a range of a few percent.

The electron cloud effect can pose severe performance limitations in high-energy particle accelerators as the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). Mitigation techniques such as vacuum chamber thin film coatings with low secondary electron yields ($\mathrm{SEY}<1.3$) aim to reduce or even suppress this effect. The microwave transmission method, developed and first applied in 2003 at the SPS, measures the integrated electron cloud density over a long section of an accelerator. This paper summarizes the theory and measurement principle and describes the new SPS microwave transmission setup used to study the electron cloud mitigation of amorphous carbon coated SPS dipole vacuum chambers. Comparative results of carbon coated and bare stainless steel dipole vacuum chambers are given for the beam with nominal LHC 25 ns bunch-to-bunch spacing in the SPS and the electron cloud density is derived.