The flat-beam transform (FBT) for round symmetric beams can be extended using the concept of eigenemittances. By tailoring the initial beam conditions at the cathode, including adding arbitrary correlations between any two dimensions, this extension can be used to provide greater freedom in controlling the beam’s final emittances. In principle, this technique can be used to generate extraordinarily transversely bright electron beams. Examples are provided where an equivalent FBT is established between the horizontal and the longitudinal beam dimensions.

Coherent electron cooling is an ultrahigh-bandwidth form of stochastic cooling which utilizes the charge perturbation from Debye screening as a seed for a free-electron laser. The amplified and frequency-modulated signal that results from the free-electron laser process is then used to give an energy-dependent kick on the hadrons in a bunch. In this paper, we present a theoretical description of a high-gain free-electron laser with applications to a complete theoretical description of coherent electron cooling.

Novel modifications of ${\mathrm{H}}^{-}/{\mathrm{D}}^{-}$ source designs have been proposed. New sources under development include advanced versions of a compact surface plasma source which will efficiently generate brighter beam in noiseless discharge, deliver significantly increased (up to 20 mA) average current with better electrode cooling using new materials, and have significantly extended lifetime, fast beam chopping capability, and reduced cesium loss. Related ion sources that use cesium are described and an improved cesiation procedure for reproducible production of high efficiency ${\mathrm{H}}^{-}$ ion generation is considered.

Laser wakefield accelerators have shown 1 GeV electron beams with some 10 pC charge from centimeter-length gas capillaries. The electrons are accelerated by the field of a plasma wave trailing an intense laser pulse. For improving the stability, electron injection and acceleration should be separated. One possible scheme is self-injection with a plasma density gradient and subsequent acceleration at constant density. This can be realized by embedding a high-density gas jet into a capillary. A critical parameter for this scheme to work is the realization of a specific density gradient, therefore a robust measurement is desirable. A new method utilizing the density dependence of Raman scattering has been used to characterize the high-density region of a neutral gas within a capillary with a few ten micrometer longitudinal resolution. This allowed us to measure a density drop of a factor of 4 within 200 micrometers.

We describe a large scale simulation effort using Object Oriented Parallel Accelerator Library, that leads to a better quantitative understanding of the existing Paul Scherrer Institut high power proton cyclotron facility. The 1.3 MW of beam power on target poses stringent constraints on the controlled and uncontrolled beam losses. We present initial conditions for the Ring simulation, obtained from the new time-structure measurement and the many profile monitors of the 72 MeV transfer line. A trim coil model is developed, including trim coil TC15, which is needed to avoid the dangerous ${\nu }_r=2{\nu }_z$ resonance. By properly selecting the injection position and angle (eccentric injection), the flattop voltage, and phase, very good agreement between simulations and measurements at the radial probe RRE4 is obtained. We report on $3–4$ orders of magnitude in dynamic range when comparing simulations with measurements. The relation between beam intensity, rms beam size, and accelerating voltage is studied and compared with measurement. The demonstrated capabilities are mandatory in the design and operation of the next generation high power proton drivers. In an outlook we discuss our future plans to include more physics into the model, which eventually leads to an even larger dynamic range in the simulation.

Analytical solutions are derived for both transient and steady state gradient distributions in the traveling wave (TW) accelerating structures with arbitrary variation of parameters over the structure length. The results of the unloaded and beam loaded cases are presented. Finally, the exact analytical shape of the rf pulse waveform was found in order to apply the transient beam loading compensation scheme during the structure filling time. The obtained theoretical formulas were cross-checked by direct numerical simulations on the CLIC main linac accelerating structure and demonstrated a good agreement. The proposed methods provide a fast and reliable tool for the initial stage of the TW structure analysis.

In this paper, we provide an analytical description for transverse coupling impedances with dipole high order modes (HOMs) and beam breakup (BBU) instability suppression of relativistic, high-current beams undergoing strong acceleration, such as those typically produced by rf photoinjectors. The model adopted is based on the accepted theory of coupling impedances extended to the case of beams characterized by a fast transition due to strong acceleration, from the nonrelativistic to the relativistic regime in which a bunch trajectory may not be rigidly directed parallel to the axis of the electric field. The trajectory oscillations in a dipole HOM field in the transverse plane are effective in perturbing the bunch energy, which causes an increase of the coupling impedance up to the BBU instability. This BBU instability analysis is based on equations obtained by Volkov [Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 011301 (2009)] in which external focusing due to both the applied transverse electric (TE) HOM and the accelerating fundamental mode as well as dipole HOM damping by external loads are investigated. This analysis is valid in the limit in which the weak nonlinearity of applied fields near the axis may be neglected. The solution suggests a means of enhancing the BBU threshold current. The possibility of obtaining BBU instability suppression in a long, integrated photoinjector and linac structure, such as the superconducting rf source at Forschungs Zentrum Dresden (FZD), are numerically examined. New designs of photoinjectors that provide BBU instability suppression of all dipole HOMs to enhance the threshold currents are suggested.

The International Linear Collider (ILC) damping ring (DR) injection and extraction kickers have a very special role: the bunch spacing 189–480 ns is compressed to 3–9 ns when injected into the DR and then decompressed to 189–480 ns when leaving the DR. The kickers act as a bunch-by-bunch beam manipulator to compress and decompress the bunch spacing into/from the DR. They require a fast rise/fall time (3–9 ns) and a high repetition rate (6–2 MHz). Among the candidate technologies, the multiple strip-line kicker system is the most likely to realize the specifications for the ILC reference design. A beam extraction experiment with a prototype strip-line kicker has been carried out at the KEK Accelerator Test Facility (ATF). The kicker is composed of two units of 60-cm-long strip-line electrodes. The multibunch beam (30 bunches spaced at 5.6 ns) stored in the DR was extracted successfully with a bunch spacing of 308 ns. The measured stability of the kick angle was $3.5\times {10}^{-4}$. Some, but not all, parameters of the tested kicker meet the ILC-DR injection/extraction kicker requirements.

This paper describes the design of a recirculating linac as a driver for the suite of seeded free-electron lasers (FELs) proposed in the UK New Light Source (NLS) project. The choice of superconducting technology for NLS is required in order to deliver bunches at high repetition rates up to 1 MHz. This raises the question of whether a shorter linac in recirculating mode can deliver the beam quality required for seeded FELs. To design such a facility, careful layout choices and optimizations must be made to ensure emittance growth is minimized. Effects leading to emittance dilution include chromatic transport terms, incoherent and coherent synchrotron radiation. The design outlined here is based on a modular philosophy to separate beam injection and extraction from a three stage compression scheme. The design uses many novel design concepts and optimizations to deliver the necessary high peak currents while preserving beam quality for seeded FELs. Start-to-end simulations including the FELs show that the necessary pulse coherence and output power can be provided from the beam thus generated.

Momentum collimation in a high-intensity rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) is a very important issue. Based on the two-stage collimation principle, a combined momentum collimation method is proposed and studied in detail here. The method makes use of the combination of secondary collimators in both the longitudinal and transverse planes. The primary collimator is placed at a high-dispersion location of an arc, and the longitudinal and transverse secondary collimators are in the same arc and in the adjacent downstream dispersion-free long straight section, respectively. The particles with positive momentum deviations will be scattered and degraded by a carbon scraper and then collected mainly by the transverse collimators, whereas the particles with negative momentum deviations will be scattered by a tantalum scraper and mainly collected by the longitudinal secondary collimators. This is to benefit from the different effects of protons passing through a high atomic number material and a low atomic number material, as the former produces relatively more scattering than the latter for the same energy loss. The studies also reveal that momentum collimation is strongly dependent on the transverse beam correlation that comes from the injection painting. The relevant requirements on the lattice design are also discussed, especially for compact rings. The multiparticle simulations using both TURTLE and ORBIT codes are presented to show the physical images of the collimation method, which was carried out with the input of the RCS of China Spallation Neutron Source.

The design of narrow-band Compton scattering sources for specific applications using nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) is presented. NRF lines are extremely narrow ($\Delta E/E\sim {10}^{-6}$) and require spectrally narrow sources to be excited selectively and efficiently. This paper focuses on the theory of spectral broadening mechanisms involved during Compton scattering of laser photons from relativistic electron beams. It is shown that in addition to the electron beam emittance, energy spread, and the laser parameters, nonlinear processes during the laser-electron interaction can have a detrimental effect on the gamma-ray source bandwidth, including a newly identified weakly nonlinear phase shift accumulated over the effective interaction duration. Finally, a design taking these mechanisms into consideration is outlined.

The improvement of the energy spread, beam divergence, and pointing fluctuations are some of the main challenges currently facing the field of laser-wakefield acceleration of electrons. We address these issues by manipulating the electron beams after their generation using miniature magnetic quadrupole lenses with field gradients of $\sim 500\mathrm{T}/\mathrm{m}$. By imaging electron beams the spectral resolution of dipole magnet spectrometers can be significantly increased, resulting in measured energy spreads down to 1.0% rms at 190 MeV. The focusing of different electron energies demonstrates the tunability of the lens system and could be used to filter out off-target energies in order to reduce the energy spread even further. By collimating the beam, the shot-to-shot spatial stability of the beam is improved by a factor of 5 measured at a distance of 1 m from the source. Additionally, by deliberately transversely offsetting a quadrupole lens, the electron beam can be steered in any direction by several mrad. These methods can be implemented while still maintaining the ultrashort bunch duration and low emittance of the beam and, except for undesired electron energies in the energy filter, without any loss of charge. This reliable and compact control of laser-wakefield accelerated electron beams is independent of the accelerator itself, allowing immediate application of currently available beams.

The results of Monte-Carlo simulations of electron-positron-photon cascades initiated by slow electrons in circularly polarized fields of ultrahigh strength are presented and discussed. Our results confirm previous qualitative estimations [A. M. Fedotov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 080402 (2010)] of the formation of cascades. This sort of cascade has revealed a new property of restoration of energy and dynamical quantum parameter due to acceleration of electrons and positrons by the field. This may become a dominating feature of laser-matter interactions at ultrahigh intensities. Our approach incorporates radiation friction acting on individual electrons and positrons.

The ion-induced desorption experiment, installed in the CERN Heavy-Ion Accelerator LINAC 3, has been used to study the dynamic outgassing of cryogenic surfaces. Two different targets, bare and gold-coated copper, were bombarded under perpendicular impact with $4.2\mathrm{MeV}/\mathrm{u}$ ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{54+}$ ions. Partial pressure rises of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$, ${\mathrm{CH}}_4$, CO, and ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ and effective desorption yields were measured at 300, 77, and 6.3 K using single shot and continuous ion bombardment techniques. We find that the heavy-ion-induced desorption yield is temperature dependent and investigate the influence of CO gas cryosorbed at 6.3 K. The gain in desorption yield reduction at cryogenic temperature vanishes after several monolayers of CO are cryosorbed on both targets. In this paper we describe the new cryogenic target assembly, the temperature-dependent pressure rise, desorption yield, and gas adsorption measurements.

Nonlinear beam dynamics plays a crucial role in defining the performance of a storage ring. The beam lifetime, the injection efficiency, and the dynamic and momentum apertures available to the beam are optimized during the design phase by a proper optimization of the linear lattice and of the distribution of sextupole families. The correct implementation of the design model, especially the nonlinear part, is a nontrivial accelerator physics task. Several parameters of the nonlinear dynamics can be used to compare the real machine with the model and eventually to correct the accelerator. Most of these parameters are extracted from the analysis of turn-by-turn data after the excitation of betatron oscillations of the particles in the ring. We present the experimental results of the campaign of measurements carried out at the Diamond storage ring to characterize the nonlinear beam dynamics. A combination of frequency map analysis with the detuning with momentum measurements has allowed for a precise calibration of the nonlinear model that can accurately reproduce the nonlinear beam dynamics in Diamond.

The accelerating gradient Eacc of X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) prototype cavities manufactured at the industry and treated at DESY demonstrates wide-range scattering from 15 to $41\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$. Most cavities satisfy the XFEL specification. Few cavities with low performance ($15–17\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$) are limited by quench without field emission. The T-map analysis detected quench areas mainly close to the equator. Optical control by a high resolution camera has been applied and allowed to monitor the defects in some cases with good correlation to T-map observation. In order to understand the cause of reduced performance and get more detailed information of the origin of defects, some samples have been extracted from two cavities and investigated by light microscope, digital light microscope with 3D profile measurement, scanning electron microscope SEM, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and Auger spectroscopy. The electron backscattered diffraction method in a SEM is used to make localized measurements of the lattice curvature. Several surface flaws with sizes from a few $\mu \mathrm{m}$ to hundreds of $\mu \mathrm{m}$ detected by microscopy. The defects can be separated into two categories. The first category of defects consists of foreign elements (often an increased content of carbon). Inclusions with increased content of carbon adhere on the surface and presumably have a hydrocarbon nature. Deviation from a smooth surface profile characterizes the second type of defects (holes, bumps, and pits). Some holes and bumps were found directly in the welding seam. The hot spots in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the equator welds have been partially associated with pits too. The study correlates the location of pits with the presence of plastic strain found to remain after welding. Pits near the HAZ were found either coincident with or near areas of high strain. Pits away from the weld were often found at grain boundary triple junctions.

We study the possibility to produce a 1.6 pC electron beam (${10}^7$ electrons) with a bunch length of less than 10 fs and a beam energy of a few MeV. Such a short, relativistic beam will be useful for an electron diffraction experiment with a 10 fs time resolution. An electron beam with ${10}^7$ electrons will allow a single-shot experiment with a laser pulse pump and an electron beam probe. In this design, an S-band photocathode gun is used for generating and accelerating a beam and a buncher consisting of two S-band four-cell cavities is used for temporally compressing the beam. Focusing solenoids control the beam transverse divergence and size at the sample. Numerical optimization is carried out to achieve a beam with a 4 fs full-width-at-half-maximum length, a 26 microradian root-mean-square divergence, and a 2 nm transverse coherence length at a 3.24 MeV beam energy. When state-of-the-art rf stability is considered, beam arrival time jitter at the sample is calculated to be about 10 fs.

Superconducting radio-frequency electron guns are viewed by many as the preferred technology for generating the high-quality, high-current beams needed for future high power free-electron lasers and energy recovery linacs. All previous guns of this type have employed elliptical cavities, but there are potential advantages associated with other geometries. Here we describe the design, commissioning, and initial results from a superconducting radio-frequency electron gun employing a quarter-wave resonator configuration, the first such device to be built and tested. In initial operation, the gun has generated beams with bunch charge in excess of 78 pC, energy of 469 keV, and normalized rms emittances of about $4.9\mu \mathrm{m}$. Currently, bunch charge is limited by the available drive laser energy, and beam energy is limited by x-ray production and the available rf power. No fundamental limits on beam charge or energy have been encountered, and no high-field quenching events have been observed.

In the continuing efforts to reduce the beam emittance of an electron storage ring composed of theoretical minimum emittance (TME) lattice, down to a level of several tens of picometers, nonlinear dynamics grows to be a great challenge to the performance of the storage ring because of the strong sextupoles needed to compensate for its large global natural chomaticities coupled with its small average dispersion function. To help in dealing with the challenge of nonlinear optimization, we propose a novel variation of theoretical minimum emittance (TME) lattice, named as “modified-TME” lattice, with minimal emittance about 3 times of the exact theoretical minimum, while with more compact layout, lower phase advance per cell, smaller natural chromaticities, and more relaxed optical functions than that in a TME cell, by using horizontally defocusing quadrupole closer to the dipole or simply combined-function dipole with horizontally defocusing gradient. We present approximate scaling formulas to describe the relationships of the design parameters in a modified-TME cell. The applications of modified-TME lattice in the PEP-X storage ring design are illustrated and the proposed lattice appears a good candidate for synchrotron radiation light source with extremely low emittance.

Higher order modes (HOMs) can severely limit the operation of superconducting cavities in a linear accelerator with high beam current, high duty factor, and complex pulse structure. The full HOM spectrum has to be analyzed in order to identify potentially dangerous modes already during the design phase and to define their damping requirements. For this purpose a dedicated beam simulation code simulation of higher order mode dynamics (SMD) focused on beam-HOM interaction was developed, taking into account important effects like the HOM frequency spread, beam input jitter, different chopping patterns, as well as klystron and alignment errors. Here, SMD is used to investigate the influence of HOMs in detail in the superconducting proton linac at CERN and their potential to drive beam instabilities in the longitudinal and transverse plane.