In order to obtain the necessary luminosity with a reasonable amount of beam power, the Compact LInear Collider (CLIC) design includes an unprecedented collision beam size of ${\sigma }_y=1\mathrm{nm}$ vertically and ${\sigma }_x=45\mathrm{nm}$ horizontally. With exceptionally small and flat beams, the luminosity can be significantly degraded due to the combination of the experimental solenoid field and a large crossing angle. The two main effects reducing the luminosity are $\mathrm{y}\text{−}{\mathrm{x}}^{\prime }$-coupling and an increase of vertical dispersion. Additionally, incoherent synchrotron radiation (ISR) from the orbit deflection created by the solenoid field increases the beam emittance and results in unrecoverable luminosity degradation. A novel approach to evaluate the ISR effect from a realistic solenoid field without knowledge of the full compensation of the geometric aberrations is presented. This approach is confirmed by a detailed study of the correction techniques to compensate the beam optics distortions. The unrecoverable luminosity loss due to ISR for CLIC at 3 TeV has been evaluated, and found to be around 4% to 5% for the solenoid design under study.

The demand for high luminosity in the next generation of linear $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ colliders necessitates extremely dense beams, giving rise to strong fields at the collision point, and therefore the impact of the field on the physical processes occurring at the interaction point must be considered. These processes are well described by the interaction of the individual lepton with the field of the oncoming bunch, and they depend strongly on the beamstrahlung parameter $\mathrm{\Upsilon }$ which expresses the field experienced by the lepton in units of the critical field. In this paper, we describe calculations and simulations of strong field processes—also of higher order—at the interaction point.

We have used coherent Smith-Purcell radiation (cSPr) in order to determine the temporal profile of sub-ps long electron bunches at the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests, at SLAC. The measurements reported here were carried out in June 2012 and April 2013. The rms values for the bunch length varied between 356 to 604 fs, depending on the accelerator settings. The resolution of the system was limited by the range of detectable wavelengths which was, in turn, determined by the choice of the grating periods used in these experiments and the achievable beam-grating separation. The paper gives the details of the various steps in the reconstruction of the time profile and discusses possible improvements to the resolution. We also present initial measurements of the polarization properties of cSPr and of the background radiation.

The interaction of waveguide modes and consequences on laser operation are studied numerically in a THz free electron laser (FEL) driven by short electron bunches. The considered FEL cavity configuration is represented by a parallel-plate waveguide extending over the complete distance between cylindrical cavity mirrors with energy out-coupling through a rectangular slit in one of the mirrors. We describe the multimode FEL cavity desynchronization dynamics and predict strong enhancement in FEL power at special cavity configurations, when modes are degenerate. Furthermore, we predict that simultaneous excitation of several waveguide modes can occur but do not negatively influence the lasing process.

We discuss a two-color self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser (FEL) amplifier where the emission is obtained from two orthogonally polarized undulators with different periods and field intensities. Nonaveraged and averaged equations are compared. The two radiations have not only different frequencies, but also different polarizations, while the total length of the device does not change with respect to usual single-color FELs. The wavelengths of two different colors can be changed by choosing different periods, while variation in the magnetic strengths can be used to modify the gain lengths.

Accurate measurements of the transverse beam properties are essential to understand and optimize particle beams. We present an optimized method that uses three quadrupole magnets and one profile monitor to measure the full 4D transverse matrix of the beam. The method has been applied to the SwissFEL Injector Test Facility (SITF) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (Villigen). The SITF is the principal test bed and demonstration plant for the SwissFEL project, which aims at realizing a hard-x-ray free-electron laser in 2017. Simulations, measurements, and results of cross-plane coupling correction are presented.

We demonstrated the generation of a 500-keV electron beam from a high dc voltage photoemission gun for an energy recovery linac light source [N. Nishimori et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 234103 (2013)]. This demonstration was achieved by addressing two discharge problems that lead to vacuum breakdown in the dc gun. One is field emission generated from a central stem electrode. We employed a segmented insulator to protect the ceramic insulator surface from the field emission. The other is microdischarge at an anode electrode or a vacuum chamber, which is triggered by microparticle transfer or field emission from a cathode electrode. An experimental investigation revealed that a larger acceleration gap, optimized mainly to reduce the surface electric field of the anode electrode, suppresses the microdischarge events that accompany gas desorption. It was also found that nonevaporable getter pumps placed around the acceleration gap greatly help to suppress those microdischarge events. The applied voltage as a function of the total gas desorption is shown to be a good measure for finding the optimum dc gun configuration.

Photonic crystal (PhC) defect cavities that support an accelerating mode tend to trap unwanted higher-order modes (HOMs) corresponding to zero-group-velocity PhC lattice modes at frequencies near the top of bandgaps. The effect is explained quite generally by photonic band and perturbation theoretical arguments. Transverse wakefields resulting from this effect are observed (via simulation) in a 12 GHz hybrid dielectric PhC accelerating cavity based on a triangular lattice of sapphire rods. These wakefields are, on average, an order of magnitude higher than those in the 12 GHz waveguide-damped Compact Linear Collider copper cavities. The avoidance of translational symmetry (and, thus, the bandgap concept) can dramatically improve HOM damping in PhC-based structures.

Nonlinear cascade scattering of intense, tightly focused laser pulses by relativistic electrons is studied numerically in the classical approximation including radiation damping for the quantum parameter $⟨\hslash {\omega }_{\mathrm{x}\text{ray}}⟩/ϵ<1$ and an arbitrary radiation parameter $\chi$. The electron’s energy loss, along with its being scattered to the side by the ponderomotive force, makes scattering in the vicinity of a high laser field nearly impossible at high electron energies. The use of a second, copropagating laser pulse as a booster is shown to partially solve this problem.

Accelerators can serve as sources for intense THz radiation by producing sub-ps long electron bunches, which generate synchrotron radiation coherently in the THz regime. In this paper, we present an analytic method to calculate the electric field pulse emitted by an electron bunch with arbitrary bunch shape. Our method is applied to a Gaussian bunch as well as a complex bunch profile resulting from a nonlinear beam dynamics simulation.

An adiabatic matching section is discussed as option to control the divergence and emittance growth of a beam exiting a plasma channel. Based on a general analytical solution of a focusing channel with varying focusing strength, a focusing profile is proposed which allows for a fast expansion of the beam size while keeping the emittance growth minimal. The solution is also applicable to other cases, e.g., the matching of a positron source to the downstream accelerating section, which are, however, not discussed in this contribution.

Crab cavities (CCs) are a key ingredient of the high luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project for increasing the luminosity of the LHC. At KEKB, CCs have exhibited abrupt changes of phase and voltage during a time period of the order of a few LHC turns and considering the significant stored energy in the HL-LHC beam, CC failures represent a serious threat in regard to LHC machine protection. In this paper, we discuss the effect of CC voltage or phase changes on a time interval similar to, or longer than, the one needed to dump the beam. The simulations assume a quasistationary-state distribution to assess the particles losses for the HL-LHC. These distributions produce beam losses below the safe operation threshold for Gaussian tails, while, for non-Gaussian tails are on the same order of the limit. Additionally, some mitigation strategies are studied for reducing the damage caused by the CC failures.

Many new applications for electron accelerators require high-brightness, high-average power beams, and most rely on photocathode-based electron injectors as a source of electrons. To achieve such a photoinjector, one requires both a high-power laser system to produce the high average current beam, and also a system at reduced repetition rate for electron beam diagnostics to verify high beam brightness. Here we report on two fiber laser systems designed to meet these specific needs, at 50 MHz and 1.3 GHz repetition rate, together with pulse pickers, second harmonic generation, spatiotemporal beam shaping, intensity feedback, and laser beam transport. The performance and flexibility of these laser systems have allowed us to demonstrate electron beam with both low emittance and high average current for the Cornell energy recovery linac.

In this article the Campbell’s theorem is used to evaluate the equilibrium emittance and energy spread in a Compton ring. This method allows us to have an efficient analytical approach separating the contributions of the Compton cross section from the luminosity factor. The consequent advantage is given by the possibility to have an easy extrapolation for the “nonclassical” cases like the polarized Compton backscattering or the evaluation of the equilibrium given by different radiation mechanisms. The effects accounting for the polarized Compton backscattering in the article are evaluated numerically. The analytical results in the nonpolarized case and in the negligible recoil effect approximation are in excellent agreement with the values obtained by matching the Compton damping rate with the quantum fluctuations, and they show that the equilibrium energy spread and emittance are independent from the luminosity.

This paper presents an extensive numerical study of heating of thin solid carbon foils by $1.4\mathrm{MeV}/\mathrm{u}$ uranium ion beams to explore the possibility of using such a target as a charge stripper at the proposed new Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung high energy heavy–ion linac. These simulations have been carried out using a sophisticated 3D computer code that accounts for physical phenomena that are important in this problem. A variety of beam and target parameters have been considered. The results suggest that within the considered parameter range, the target will be severely damaged by the beam. Thus, a carbon foil stripper does not seem to be a reliable option for the future Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung high energy heavy–ion linac, in particular, at FAIR design beam intensities.

Several proposals exist for future circular electron-positron colliders designed for precise measurements of the Higgs boson characteristics and electroweak processes. At very high energies, synchrotron radiation of the particles in a strong electromagnetic field of the oncoming bunch (beamstrahlung) becomes extremely important, because of degradation of the beam lifetime and luminosity. We present theoretical calculations of beamstrahlung (including the beam lifetime reduction and the energy spread increase) which are benchmarked against quasi-strong-strong computer simulations. Calculation results are used to optimize TLEP (triple LEP) project (CERN).

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on electron beam current profile shaping by means of a transverse beam mask followed by an emittance exchanger (EEX). This setup can transform a transverse particle distribution into a longitudinal particle distribution. We investigate the EEX technique with application to production of a double triangular drive and a trapezoidal main bunches for high transformer ratio, high brightness dielectric wakefield accelerators. We perform numerical optimization of two realistic configurations: a double dogleg and a chicane. In this paper we report sample designs and discuss the effects of the beam line nonlinearities, beam space charge, and coherent synchrotron radiation on a current profile of the output beam.