There has been much recent interest in directly measuring the electric dipole moments (EDM) of the proton and the electron, because of their possible importance in the present day observed matter/antimatter imbalance in the Universe. Such a measurement will require storing a polarized beam of “frozen spin” particles, 15 MeV electrons or 230 MeV protons, in an all-electric storage ring. Only one such relativistic electric accelerator has ever been built—the 10 MeV “electron analog” ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1954; it can also be referred to as the “AGS analog” ring to make clear it was a prototype for the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) proton ring under construction at that time at BNL. (Its purpose was to investigate nonlinear resonances as well as passage through “transition” with the newly invented alternating gradient proton ring design.) By chance this electron ring, long since dismantled and its engineering drawings disappeared, would have been appropriate both for measuring the electron EDM and to serve as an inexpensive prototype for the arguably more promising, but 10 times more expensive, proton EDM measurement. Today it is cheaper yet to “resurrect” the electron analog ring by simulating its performance computationally. This is one purpose for the present paper. Most existing accelerator simulation codes cannot be used for this purpose because they implicitly assume magnetic bending. The new ual/eteapot code, described in detail in an accompanying paper, has been developed for modeling storage ring performance, including spin evolution, in electric rings. Illustrating its use, comparing its predictions with the old observations, and describing new expectations concerning spin evolution and code performance, are other goals of the paper. To set up some of these calculations has required a kind of “archeological physics” to reconstitute the detailed electron analog lattice design from a 1991 retrospective report by Plotkin as well as unpublished notes of Courant describing machine studies performed in 1954–1955. This paper describes the practical application of the eteapot code and provides sample results, with emphasis on emulating lattice optics in the AGS analog ring for comparison with the historical machine studies and to predict the electron spin evolution they would have measured if they had polarized electrons and electron polarimetry. Of greater present day interest is the performance to be expected for a proton storage ring experiment. To exhibit the eteapot code performance and confirm its symplecticity, results are also given for 30 million turn proton spin tracking in an all-electric lattice that would be appropriate for a present day measurement of the proton EDM. The accompanying paper “Symplectic orbit and spin tracking code for all-electric storage rings” documents in detail the theoretical formulation implemented in eteapot, which is a new module in the Unified Accelerator Libraries (ual) environment.

Transverse dipole modes in bunches with space charge are simulated using the synergia accelerator modeling package and analyzed with dynamic mode decomposition. The properties of the first three space charge modes, including their shape, damping rates, and tune shifts are described over the entire range of space charge strength. The intrinsic Landau damping predicted and estimated in 2009 by one of the authors is confirmed with a reasonable scaling factor of $\simeq 2.4$. For the KV distribution, very good agreement with PATRIC simulations performed by Kornilov and Boine-Frankenheim is obtained.

The surface resistance $R_{\mathrm{S}}$ of superconducting cavities prepared by sputter coating a niobium film on a copper substrate increases significantly stronger with the applied rf field compared to cavities of bulk material. A possible cause is that the thermal boundary resistance between the copper substrate and the niobium film induces heating of the inner cavity wall, resulting in a higher $R_{\mathrm{S}}$. Introducing helium gas in the cavity, and measuring its pressure as a function of applied field allowed to conclude that the inner surface of the cavity is heated up by less than 120 mK when $R_{\mathrm{S}}$ increases with $E_{\mathrm{acc}}$ by $100\mathrm{n}\mathrm{\Omega }$. This is more than one order of magnitude less than what one would expect from global heating. Additionally, the effects of cooldown speed and low temperature baking have been investigated in the framework of these experiments. It is shown that for the current state of the art niobium on copper cavities there is only a detrimental effect of low temperature baking. A fast cooldown results in a lowered $R_{\mathrm{S}}$.

A high-energy, high-yield proton beam with a good homogeneous profile has been generated from a nanosphere target irradiated by a short (30-fs), intense ($7\times {10}^{20}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$) laser pulse. A maximum proton energy of 30 MeV has been observed with a high proton number of $7\times {10}^{10}$ in the energy range 5–30 MeV. A homogeneous spatial profile with a uniformity (standard deviation from an average value within 85% beam area) of 15% is observed with the nanosphere dielectric target. Particle-in-cell simulations show the enhancement of proton cutoff energy and proton number with the nanosphere target and reveal that the homogeneous beam profile is related with a broadened angular distribution of hot electrons, which is initiated by the nanosphere structure. The homogeneous spatial properties obtained with the nanosphere target will be advantageous in developing laser-driven proton sources for practical applications in which high-quality beams are required.

We propose a method to fully determine the transverse beam matrix using a simple setup consisting of two steering magnets, an octupole field and a screen. This works in principle for any multipole field, i.e., sextupole, octupole magnet or a radio frequency structure with a multipole field. We have experimentally verified the method at the Compact Linear Collider Test Facility 3 at CERN using a Compact Linear Collider accelerating structure, which has an octupole component of the radio frequency fields. By observing the position shifts of the beam centroid together with changes in transverse beam size on a screen, we determined the full transverse beam matrix, with all correlations.

Within the framework of the DESIR/SPIRAL-2 project, a radio-frequency quadrupole cooler named SHIRaC has been studied. SHIRaC is a key device of SPIRAL-2, designed to enhance the beam quality required by DESIR. The preliminary study and development of this device has been carried out at Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire de CAEN (LPC Caen), France. The goal of this paper is to present the experimental studies conducted on a SHIRaC prototype. The main peculiarity of this cooler is its efficient handling and cooling of ion beams with currents going up as high as $1\mu \mathrm{A}$ which has never before been achieved in any of the previous coolers. Much effort has been made lately into these studies for development of appropriate optics, vacuum and rf systems which allow cooling of beams of large emittance ($\sim 80\pi \mathrm{mm}\mathrm{mrad}$) and high current. The dependencies of SHIRaC’s transmission and the cooled beam parameters in terms of geometrical transverse emittance and the longitudinal energy spread have also been discussed. Investigation of beam purity at optimum cooling condition has also been done. Results from the experiments indicate that an emittance reduction of less than $2.5\pi \mathrm{mm}\mathrm{mrad}$ and a longitudinal energy spread reduction of less than 4 eV are obtained with more than 70% of ion transmission. The emittance is at expected values whereas the energy spread is not.

We report on a study on controlled injection of electrons into the accelerating phase of a plasma wakefield accelerator by tailoring the target density distribution using two independent sources of gas. The tailored density distribution is achieved experimentally by inserting a narrow nozzle, with an orifice diameter of only $400\mu \mathrm{m}$, into a jet of gas supplied from a 2 mm diameter nozzle. The combination of these two nozzles is used to create two regions of different density connected by a density gradient. Using this setup we show independent control of the charge and energy distribution of the bunches of accelerated electron as well as decreased shot-to-shot fluctuations in these quantities compared to self-injection in a single gas jet. Although the energy spectra are broad after injection, simulations show that further acceleration acts to compress the energy distribution and to yield peaked energy spectra.

A density function theory based analysis of photoemission from hexagonal close packed (hcp) metals is presented and the calculated values of the rms transverse momentum ($\mathrm{\Delta }{p}_T$) are in good agreement with the available experimental data on Be [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 237401 (2013)] and Mg [Proceedings of LINAC 2002, Gyeongju, Korea (2002)]. The lattice constants and work functions of the hcp metals are also examined and are consistent with the available experimental values. In addition, emission from (0001)-oriented Be is examined due to the presence of a strong surface state.

A trigger bunch of electrons traveling inside or in the vicinity of a dielectric medium generates a Cerenkov wake. If the dielectric medium is active, a small fraction of the spectrum of the wake is amplified and far behind the trigger bunch where the active medium is fully depleted, the amplitude and the phase of the wake are virtually constant. In this range, a second bunch of electrons trailing behind the trigger bunch can be accelerated. For optimal operation, the trigger bunch should be density modulated at the resonant frequency of the medium. However, we demonstrate that even if the bunch is uniform along many wavelengths we may still take advantage of the saturation characteristics to obtain conditions adequate for acceleration. Further we demonstrate that for large enough number of electrons it is possible to have a coherent amplified wake after a saturation length which is determined analytically and tested numerically. In addition, we show that almost 100% of the stored energy in the active medium can be transferred to the acceleration of the trailing bunch electrons. The relatively large energy spread due to the beam loading is well suited to a medical accelerator. When the beam loading is weak, the gradient is virtually constant but the acceleration efficiency drops to about 2% for typical parameters.

A single pass, THz spectral range free-electron laser (FEL) driven by a photocathode hybrid rf-LINAC is considered, taking the Israeli THz FEL project developed in Ariel University as an example. Two possible configurations of such FEL are discussed: an enhanced coherent spontaneous emission FEL, and a prebunched FEL utilizing periodically modulated short electron beam pulses. A general study of the FEL configurations is carried out in the framework of a space-frequency approach, realized in WB3D numerical code. The configurations are studied and compared based on preliminary parameters of a drive hybrid rf-LINAC gun under development in University of California, Los Angeles.

With a few exceptions, all on-axis injection and extraction schemes implemented in circular particle accelerators, synchrotrons, and storage rings, make use of magnetic and electrostatic septa with systems of slow-pulsing dipoles acting on tens of thousands of turns and fast-pulsing dipoles on just a few. The dipoles create a closed orbit deformation around the septa, usually referred to as an orbit bump. A new approach is presented which obviates the need for the septum deflectors. Fast-pulsing elements are still required, but their strength can be minimized by choosing appropriate local accelerator optics. This technique should increase the beam clearance and reduce the usually high radiation levels found around the septa and also reduce the machine impedance introduced by the fast-pulsing dipoles. The basis of the technique is the creation of stable islands around stable fixed points in horizontal phase space. The trajectories of these islands may then be adjusted to match the position and angle of the incoming or outgoing beam.

This paper describes an investigation of problem-solving procedures to troubleshoot electrostatic accelerators. A novel technique to diagnose issues with high-voltage components is described. The main application of this technique is noninvasive testing of electrostatic accelerator high-voltage grading systems, measuring insulation resistance, or determining the volume and surface resistivity of insulation materials used in column posts and acceleration tubes. In addition, this technique allows verification of the continuity of the resistive divider assembly as a complete circuit, revealing if an electrical path exists between equipotential rings, resistors, tube electrodes, and column post-to-tube conductors. It is capable of identifying and locating a “microbreak” in a resistor and the experimental validation of the transfer function of the high impedance energy control element. A simple and practical fault-finding procedure has been developed based on fundamental principles. The experimental distributions of relative resistance deviations ($\mathrm{\Delta }R/R$) for both accelerating tubes and posts were collected during five scheduled accelerator maintenance tank openings during 2013 and 2014. Components with measured $\mathrm{\Delta }R/R>\pm 2.5\%$ were considered faulty and put through a detailed examination, with faults categorized. In total, thirty four unique fault categories were identified and most would not be identifiable without the new technique described. The most common failure mode was permanent and irreversible insulator current leakage that developed after being exposed to the ambient environment. As a result of efficient in situ troubleshooting and fault-elimination techniques, the maximum values of $|\mathrm{\Delta }R/R|$ are kept below 2.5% at the conclusion of maintenance procedures. The acceptance margin could be narrowed even further by a factor of 2.5 by increasing the test voltage from 40 V up to 100 V. Based on experience over the last two years, resistor and insulator failures are less common now due to the routine use of the noninvasive ultrahigh impedance technique.

Fast ion instability can lead to deterioration of an electron beam (increasing emittance and instability of a train of bunches) in storage rings and linacs. We study this at the Cornell electron storage ring test accelerator using a 2.1 GeV low emittance beam. As the source of ions is residual gas, our measurements are conducted at various pressures, including nominal vacuum as well as injected gas (Ar, Kr). We experiment with mitigation techniques, including changing the bunch pattern to have mini-trains instead of one long train, as well as increasing the initial vertical emittance of the beam. We also check to ensure that ion-trapping is not a substantial effect in our measurements. We measure turn-by-turn vertical bunch size and position, as well as the multibunch power spectrum. Our measurements confirm fast ion instability under all vacuum conditions. A detailed simulation is then used to compare theory with observations.

In an electron storage ring, the interaction between a single-bunch beam and a vacuum chamber impedance affects the beam parameters, which can be measured rather precisely. So we can develop beam-based numerical models of longitudinal and transverse impedances. At the Diamond Light Source (DLS) to get the model parameters, a set of measured data has been used including current-dependent shift of betatron tunes and synchronous phase, chromatic damping rates, and bunch lengthening. A matlab code for multiparticle tracking has been developed. The tracking results and analytical estimations are quite consistent with the measured data. Since Diamond has the shortest natural bunch length among all light sources in standard operation, the studies of collective effects with short bunches are relevant to many facilities including next generation of light sources.

In long gap tunable undulators, strong magnetic forces always lead to some amount of gap-dependent girder deformation and resulting gap-dependent phase errors. For the undulators for the European XFEL, this problem has been investigated thoroughly and quantitatively. Using the different gap dependencies of suitable shims and pole height tuning, a method is presented which can be applied to reduce the overall gap dependence of the phase error if needed. It is exemplified by tuning one of the undulator segments for the European X-Ray Free Electron Laser back to specs.

The first run of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN was very successful and resulted in important physics discoveries. One way of increasing the luminosity in a collider, which gave a very significant contribution to the LHC performance in the first run and can be used even if the beam intensity cannot be increased, is to decrease the transverse beam size at the interaction points by reducing the optical function ${\beta }^{*}$. However, when doing so, the beam becomes larger in the final focusing system, which could expose its aperture to beam losses. For the LHC, which is designed to store beams with a total energy of 362 MJ, this is critical, since the loss of even a small fraction of the beam could cause a magnet quench or even damage. Therefore, the machine aperture has to be protected by the collimation system. The settings of the collimators constrain the maximum beam size that can be tolerated and therefore impose a lower limit on ${\beta }^{*}$. In this paper, we present calculations to determine safe collimator settings and the resulting limit on ${\beta }^{*}$, based on available aperture and operational stability of the machine. Our model was used to determine the LHC configurations in 2011 and 2012 and it was found that ${\beta }^{*}$ could be decreased significantly compared to the conservative model used in 2010. The gain in luminosity resulting from the decreased margins between collimators was more than a factor 2, and a further contribution from the use of realistic aperture estimates based on measurements was almost as large. This has played an essential role in the rapid and successful accumulation of experimental data in the LHC.