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Transduction-enabled superconducting quantum repeater: Toward deterministic entanglement distribution with high-fidelity gates

Francesco Fiorini1,2,*, Jing Wu2, Andrew Cameron2, Changqing Wang2, Doga M. Kurkcuoglu2, Rosario G. Garroppo1, Michele Pagano1, and Silvia Zorzetti2,3,†

  • *Contact author: francesco.fiorini@phd.unipi.it
  • †Contact author: zorzetti@ieee.org
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Phys. Rev. A 114, 042405 – Published 5 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/r577-33dc

Abstract

Long-distance entanglement distribution is hindered by photon loss in optical fibers and the no-cloning theorem. Optical quantum repeater (QR) protocols rely on Bell-state measurements (BSMs); they are intrinsically limited to probabilistic photon operations and fail 50% of the time. We propose a hybrid approach to building quantum repeaters that combines the high transmission speed of photonic qubits in optical fiber with the high-fidelity quantum processing capabilities enabled by superconducting circuits. The transduction-enabled superconducting QR (TESQR) architecture eliminates the need for probabilistic BSMs and allows deterministic processing operations. The TESQR framework always yields a final state at the remote nodes rather than aborting on photon loss, manifesting deterministic entanglement distribution within certain parameter regimes. We evaluate the performance by assessing output-state fidelities and success probabilities of entanglement distribution using realistic noise models. Additionally, we integrate an entanglement purification scheme and evaluate the performance through numerical simulations in the qutip environment. Our results show that, for entanglement swapping, the proposed scheme improves the entanglement distribution rate by an average of 63% and by up to 159% compared with photonic-only architectures. Moreover, after purification, the end-to-end fidelities exceed 0.8 over distances up to 20 km.

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Phys. Rev. A 114, 042405– Published 5 October, 2026
  • Received 13 March 2026
  • Accepted 14 September 2026
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