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Optomechanical systems with linear and quadratic position couplings: Dynamics and optimal estimation

Yaqing Xy Wang*

Claudio Sanavio†

Jozsef Zsolt Bernád‡

  • *Contact author: yaq.wang@fz-juelich.de
  • †Contact author: claudio.sanavio@iit.it
  • ‡Contact author: j.bernad@fz-juelich.de
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Phys. Rev. A 113, 023504 – Published 3 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/5dzx-dhql

Abstract

We study the dynamics of an optomechanical system consisting of a single-mode optical field coupled to a mechanical oscillator, where the nonlinear interaction includes both linear and quadratic terms in the oscillator's position. We present an analytical solution to this quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian problem by employing the formalism of two-phonon coherent states. Quantum estimation theory is applied to the resulting state of the optical field, with a focus on evaluating the quantum Fisher information with respect to the strength of the quadratic coupling. Our estimation scheme employs balanced homodyne photodetection and demonstrates that the corresponding classical Fisher information can reach the quantum Fisher information limit, with the phase of the local coherent oscillator playing a crucial role.

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Phys. Rev. A 113, 023504– Published 3 February, 2026
  • Received 30 June 2025
  • Accepted 15 January 2026
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