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  • Open Access

Blind quantum computing with different qudit resource state architectures

Alena Romanova* and Wolfgang Dür†

  • *Contact author: alena.romanova@uibk.ac.at
  • †Contact author: wolfgang.duer@uibk.ac.at
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Phys. Rev. A 113, 032606 – Published 6 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1p5p-zywx

Abstract

We discuss how blind quantum computing generalizes to multilevel quantum systems (qudits), which offers advantages compared with the qubit approach. Here, a quantum computing task is delegated to an untrusted server while simultaneously preventing the server from retrieving information about the computation it performs, the input, and the output, enabling secure cloud-based quantum computing. In the standard approach with qubits, measurement-based quantum computing is used: single-qubit measurements on cluster or brickwork states implement the computation, while random rotations of the resource qubits hide the computation from the server. We generalize finite-sized approximately universal gate sets to prime-power-dimensional qudits and show that qudit versions of the cluster and brickwork states enable a similar server-blind execution of quantum algorithms. Furthermore, we compare the overheads of different resource state architectures and discuss which hiding strategies apply to alternative qudit resource states beyond graph states.

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Phys. Rev. A 113, 032606– Published 6 March, 2026
  • Received 15 October 2025
  • Accepted 11 February 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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