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Three-dimensional cavity-based graphene superconducting quantum circuits in two-circuit joint-readout architectures

Kuei-Lin Chiu1,2,*,†, Avishma J. Lasrado1,2,*, Cheng-Han Lo1,2,*, Yen-Chih Chen1,2, Shi-Bo Shi1,2, Yen-Hsiang Lin3, and Chung-Ting Ke4

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: klc@mail.nsysu.edu.tw
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APS Open Sci. 1, 000101 – Published 24 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qtsh-l54f

Abstract

We construct a series of graphene-based superconducting quantum circuits and integrate them into three-dimensional (3D) cavities. For a device exhibiting single-qubit behavior, we demonstrate flux-tunable qubit transition, with a relaxation time T1≈48ns measured in one cooldown at a reduced qubit frequency of 3.65GHz, and a separate power-broadening-based lower bound T2*≳17.63ns at the sweet spot in an earlier cooldown at fq≈8.07GHz. By coupling the device to cavities with different resonant frequencies, we access multiple qubit-cavity coupling regimes, enabling the observation of vacuum Rabi splitting and flux-dependent spectral linewidths. In a two-circuit device consisting of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and a single junction, power-dependent measurements reveal a two-stage dispersive shift. By flux tuning the cavity frequency at different readout powers, we attribute the first shift to the fixed qubit and the second to the SQUID qubit, indicating successful coupling between the two circuits and a single cavity mode. Our study demonstrates the flexible coupling achievable between two-dimensional (2D)-material-based flux-tunable superconducting circuits and 3D cavities, and paves the way toward constructing multicircuit 3D transmonlike devices from 2D materials.

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APS Open Sci. 1, 000101– Published 24 August, 2026
Vol. 1
  • Received 7 March 2026
  • Revised 29 June 2026
  • Accepted 5 August 2026
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