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  • Open Access

Nonlinearities in atomic radio receivers: Harmonic and intermodulation distortion

Luís Felipe Gonçalves*, Teng Zhang, Georg Raithel, and David A. Anderson†

  • *Contact author: luisfelipe@ifsc.usp.br
  • †Contact author: Dave@RydbergTech.com
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APS Open Sci. 1, 000083 – Published 5 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3pht-dvg9

Abstract

Rydberg sensors offer a unique approach to radio-frequency (rf) detection, leveraging the high sensitivity and quantum properties of highly excited atomic states to achieve performance levels beyond classical technologies. Nonlinear responses and distortion behavior in Rydberg atom receivers are critical to evaluating and establishing performance metrics and capabilities such as spur-free dynamic range and tolerance to unwanted interfering signals. We report here on the measurement and characterization of nonlinear behavior and spurious response of a Rydberg atomic heterodyne receiver. Single-tone and two-tone testing procedures are developed and implemented for measurement of harmonic and intermodulation distortion in Rydberg atomic receivers based on multiphoton Rydberg spectroscopy and radio-frequency heterodyne signal detection and demodulation in an atomic vapor. For a predetermined set of atomic receiver parameters and rf carrier wave in the super high frequency band near-resonant to a cesium Rydberg transition, we measure and characterize atomic receiver selectivity, bandwidth, roll-off, compression point (P1dB), second-order (IP2) and third-order (IP3) intercepts, and spur-free dynamic range. Receiver intermodulation distortion is characterized for the case of an interfering signal wave applied at two frequency offsets relative to the near-resonant reference local oscillator, ΔF/F=10−4 at 6 dB and 10−6 at 22 dB single-tone bandwidths, respectively. We observe that under suitable operating conditions the atomic receiver can exhibit a suppression of harmonic and intermodulation distortion relative to that of classical receiver mixer amplifiers.

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APS Open Sci. 1, 000083– Published 5 August, 2026
Vol. 1
  • Received 10 July 2025
  • Revised 3 July 2026
  • Accepted 14 July 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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