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Oxygen Field Dynamics in Bioconvection and the Spatial Organization of Multispecies Aerobic Bacteria

Oscar Gallardo-Navarro1,*, Rinat Arbel-Goren1,*, Bareket Dassa2, Elias August3, and Joel Stavans1,†

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: joel.stavans@weizmann.ac.il
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PRX Life 4, 033017 – Published 19 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n3ls-7ssf

Abstract

Emergent self-organization is a hallmark of natural bacterial communities, whose spatial structures and dynamic gradients are shaped by the complex interplay among bacterial diversity, oxygen and its consumption, and motility and by hydrodynamic flows. Key aspects of the interplay between oxygen gradients and bacterial community spatial structure remain obscure. Here we aim to elucidate the role that oxygen plays in the self-organization of multispecies bacteria in the water column, focusing on oxytactic bioconvection suspensions of naturally coexisting aerobic bacteria and on self-organization near air-water interfaces. Combining microscopy, mapping of the oxygen field and controlled external oxygen levels, we show that species-specific oxygen affinities and consumption rates induce the formation of distinct bacterial layers near air-water interfaces, resulting in dynamic segregation during multispecies bioconvection, and play a key role in determining the nature of bioconvective patterns in single species suspensions. We further find that oxygen and bacterial fields are tightly coupled and fluctuate with similar spatiotemporal scales, giving rise to oxygen advection and a well-defined oxic-anoxic boundary. Together, our results illuminate the fundamental role that oxygen gradients play in multispecies bacterial active matter and its spatial self-organization, with implications for the formation and stability of ecological niches in aquatic and sedimentary environments.

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PRX Life 4, 033017– Published 19 August, 2026
  • Received 14 April 2026
  • Accepted 20 July 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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