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  • Open Access

Inherent Leakage of Hydrophobic Gating in BK Channels

Zhiguang Jia and Jianhan Chen*

  • *Contact author: jianhanc@umass.edu
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PRX Life 4, 013019 – Published 10 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/m89c-6vv7

Abstract

The big potassium (BK) channels remain open with a small limiting probability of Po∼10−7 at minimal Ca2+ and negative voltages below −100mV. The molecular origin of such an “intrinsic opening” is not understood. Here, free-energy analysis of K+ permeation shows that the intrinsic opening of BK channels is likely an inherent property of the vapor barrier, generated by hydrophobic dewetting of the inner pore in the Ca2+-free state. The vapor barrier only gives rise to a finite free-energy barrier, of ∼8kcal/mol, and it cannot completely shut down K+ flow even when the voltage sensor domains are fully deactivated. The resulting “leaking” currents can be measured at negative voltages as intrinsic opening. The shallow limiting slope of Po at negative voltages arises primarily from the electric field effects on the permeating ion through the vapor barrier. We further demonstrate that the vapor barrier can be perturbed by truncation of the cytosolic domains, inner pore mutations, and ligand binding to the pore, leading to predicable changes in limiting slope measurements highly consistent with existing experimental data. Therefore, the intrinsic opening paves the way for direct experimental study of hydrophobic gating in BK and many other ion channels.

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PRX Life 4, 013019– Published 10 February, 2026
  • Received 9 September 2025
  • Accepted 7 January 2026
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