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Theory of Multiscale Epithelial Mechanics under Stretch: From Active Gels to Vertex Models

Adam Ouzeri1,*, Sohan Kale1,†, Nimesh Chahare2,‡, Alejandro Torres-Sanchez1,2,§, Daniel Santos-Olivan1,§, Xavier Trepat2,3,4,∥, and Marino Arroyo1,2,5,¶

  • *Present address: Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IBPS, Department of Computational, Quantitative and Synthetic Biology (CQSB), Paris, France.
  • †Present address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
  • ‡Present address: Columbia University, New York, USA.
  • §Present address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain.
  • ∥Contact author: xtrepat@ibecbarcelona.eu
  • Contact author: marino.arroyo@upc.edu
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PRX Life 4, 023022 – Published 29 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4mx5-t5hx

Abstract

Epithelial monolayers perform a variety of mechanical functions, which include maintaining a cohesive barrier or developing three-dimensional (3D) shapes, while undergoing stretches over a wide range of magnitudes and loading rates. To perform these functions, they rely on a hierarchical organization, which spans molecules, cytoskeletal networks, adhesion complexes, and junctional networks up to the tissue scale. While the molecular understanding and ability to manipulate cytoskeletal components within cells is rapidly increasing, how these components integrate to control tissue mechanics is far less understood, partly due to the disconnect between theoretical models of subcellular dynamics and those at a tissue scale. To fill this gap, here we propose a formalism bridging active-gel models of the actomyosin cortex and 3D vertex-like models at a tissue scale. We focus on relatively short timescales or jammed tissues, such that tissue deformation is controlled by cellular deformations rather than by topological transitions of the junctional network. We show that this unified framework recapitulates a number of seemingly disconnected epithelial time-dependent phenomenologies, including stress relaxation following stretch-unstretch maneuvers, active flattening after buckling, or nonreciprocal and nonaffine pulsatile contractions. We further analyze tissue dynamics probed by a novel experimental setup operating in a pressure-controlled ensemble. Overall, the proposed framework systematically connects subcellular cortical dynamics and tissue mechanics and ties a variety of epithelial phenomenologies to a common subcellular origin.

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PRX Life 4, 023022– Published 29 May, 2026
  • Received 21 July 2025
  • Accepted 8 April 2026
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