In a two-dimensional driven Hubbard model, spin-1/2 fermions (arrows) can hop between the neighboring sites (circles), while nearest neighbor singlet pairs (ellipses) are bound by a superexchange energy and can hop from one bond to a neighboring bond.

From the article:

Anomalous Spin-Charge Separation in a Driven Hubbard System
Hongmin Gao, Jonathan R. Coulthard, Dieter Jaksch, and Jordi Mur-Petit
Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 195301 (2020)

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