Finite-element method simulations and experimental observations of surface wrinkling in a soft sphere with hard skin. Shrinkage increases from top to bottom. The simulations in columns 1 and 2 show the evolution of surface morphology and surface energy density, respectively. The surface pattern transition of a gradually dehydrated pea is shown in the last column.
From the article:
Surface Wrinkling Patterns on a Core-Shell Soft SphereBo Li, Fei Jia, Yan-Ping Cao, Xi-Qiao Feng, and Huajian Gao
Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 234301 (2011)
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