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    Crystallizing Kagome Artificial Spin Ice

    Wen-Cheng Yue1,2,¶, Zixiong Yuan1,2,¶, Yang-Yang Lyu1, Sining Dong1,*, Jian Zhou2, Zhi-Li Xiao3,4,†, Liang He2, Xuecou Tu1,5, Ying Dong6 et al.

    Huabing Wang1,5,‡, Weiwei Xu1, Lin Kang1,5, Peiheng Wu1,5, Cristiano Nisoli7, Wai-Kwong Kwok3, and Yong-Lei Wang1,2,5,§

    • 1Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
    • 2Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
    • 3Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
    • 4Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
    • 5Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
    • 6Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
    • 7Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

    • *Corresponding author. sndong@nju.edu.cn
    • †Corresponding author. xiao@anl.gov
    • ‡Corresponding author. hbwang@nju.edu.cn
    • §Corresponding author. yongleiwang@nju.edu.cn
    • These authors contributed equally.
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    Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 057202 – Published 29 July, 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.057202

    Abstract

    Artificial spin ices are engineered arrays of dipolarly coupled nanobar magnets. They enable direct investigations of fascinating collective phenomena from their diverse microstates. However, experimental access to ground states in the geometrically frustrated systems has proven difficult, limiting studies and applications of novel properties and functionalities from the low energy states. Here, we introduce a convenient approach to control the competing diploar interactions between the neighboring nanomagnets, allowing us to tailor the vertex degeneracy of the ground states. We achieve this by tuning the length of selected nanobar magnets in the spin ice lattice. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by realizing multiple low energy microstates in a kagome artificial spin ice, particularly the hardly accessible long range ordered ground state—the spin crystal state. Our strategy can be directly applied to other artificial spin systems to achieve exotic phases and explore new emergent collective behaviors.

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    Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 057202– Published 29 July, 2022
    • Received 17 January 2022
    • Revised 16 March 2022
    • Accepted 11 July 2022
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