Hexadecapole Deformation of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mmultiscripts><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>238</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts></mrow></math> from Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Using a Nonlinear Response Coefficient

Hao-jie Xu; Jie Zhao; Fuqiang Wang

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.262301

Hexadecapole Deformation of ${}^{238}U$ from Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Using a Nonlinear Response Coefficient

Hao-jie Xu ^1,2,3,*, Jie Zhao ^4,3,†, and Fuqiang Wang ^1,2,5,‡

¹School of Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
²Strong-Coupling Physics International Research Laboratory (SPiRL), Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
³Shanghai Research Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics, NSFC and Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
⁴Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA

^*haojiexu@zjhu.edu.cn
^†jie_zhao@fudan.edu.cn
^‡fqwang@purdue.edu

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 262301 – Published 24 June, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.262301

Abstract

The hexadecapole deformation ( $β_{4}$ ) of the ${}^{238}U$ nucleus has not been determined because its effect is overwhelmed by those from the nucleus’ large quadrupole deformation ( $β_{2}$ ) in nuclear electric transition measurements. In this Letter, we identify the nonlinear response of the hexadecapole anisotropy to ellipticity in relativistic $U + U$ collisions that is solely sensitive to $β_{4}$ and insensitive to $β_{2}$ . We demonstrate this by state-of-the-art hydrodynamic calculations and discuss the prospects of discovering the $β_{4}$ of ${}^{238}U$ in heavy-ion data at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

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Hexadecapole Deformation of ${}^{238}U$ from Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Using a Nonlinear Response Coefficient

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Hexadecapole Deformation of U238 from Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Using a Nonlinear Response Coefficient

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Hexadecapole Deformation of ${}^{238}U$ from Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Using a Nonlinear Response Coefficient