Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Gravitino Swampland Conjecture

Edward W. Kolb1, Andrew J. Long2, and Evan McDonough1,3

  • 1Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
  • 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
  • 3Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada

Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 131603 – Published 24 September, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.131603

Abstract

We extend the swampland from effective field theories (EFTs) inconsistent with quantum gravity to EFTs inconsistent with quantum supergravity. This enlarges the swampland to include EFTs that become inconsistent when the gravitino is quantized. We propose the “gravitino swampland conjecture”: the gravitino sound speed must be nonvanishing in all EFTs that are low-energy limits of quantum supergravity. This seemingly simple statement has important consequences for both theories and observations. The conjecture is consistent with and supported by the Kachru-Kallosh-Linde-Trivedi and large volume scenarios for moduli stabilization in string theory.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (59)

  1. C. Vafa, The string landscape and the swampland, arXiv:hep-th/0509212.
  2. H. Ooguri and C. Vafa, On the geometry of the string landscape and the swampland, Nucl. Phys. B766, 21 (2007).
  3. R. Bousso and J. Polchinski, Quantization of four form fluxes and dynamical neutralization of the cosmological constant, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2000) 006.
  4. L. Susskind, The anthropic landscape of string theory, arXiv:hep-th/0302219.
  5. E. A. Bergshoeff, D. Z. Freedman, R. Kallosh, and A. Van Proeyen, Pure de Sitter supergravity, Phys. Rev. D 92, 085040 (2015).
  6. F. Hasegawa and Y. Yamada, Component action of nilpotent multiplet coupled to matter in 4 dimensional N=1 supergravity, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2015) 106.
  7. R. Kallosh, Matter-coupled de Sitter supergravity, Theor. Math. Phys. 187, 695 (2016).
  8. R. Kallosh and T. Wrase, De Sitter supergravity model building, Phys. Rev. D 92, 105010 (2015).
  9. M. Schillo, E. van der Woerd, and T. Wrase, The general de Sitter supergravity component action, Fortsch. Phys. 64, 292 (2016).
  10. D. Z. Freedman, D. Roest, and A. Van Proeyen, Off-shell Poincaré Supergravity, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2017) 102.
  11. R. Kallosh and T. Wrase, Emergence of spontaneously broken supersymmetry on an anti-D3-brane in KKLT dS Vacua, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2014) 117.
  12. E. A. Bergshoeff, K. Dasgupta, R. Kallosh, A. Van Proeyen, and T. Wrase, D3¯ and dS, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2015) 058.
  13. B. Vercnocke and T. Wrase, Constrained superfields from an anti-D3-brane in KKLT, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2016) 132.
  14. M. P. Garcia del Moral, S. Parameswaran, N. Quiroz, and I. Zavala, Anti-D3 branes and moduli in non-linear supergravity, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2017) 185.
  15. N. Cribiori, C. Roupec, T. Wrase, and Y. Yamada, Supersymmetric anti-D3-brane action in the Kachru-Kallosh-Linde-Trivedi setup, Phys. Rev. D 100, 066001 (2019).
  16. K. Dasgupta, M. Emelin, and E. McDonough, Fermions on the antibrane: Higher order interactions and spontaneously broken supersymmetry, Phys. Rev. D 95, 026003 (2017).
  17. S. Kachru, R. Kallosh, A. D. Linde, and S. P. Trivedi, De Sitter vacua in string theory, Phys. Rev. D 68, 046005 (2003).
  18. W. Rarita and J. Schwinger, On a theory of particles with half integral spin, Phys. Rev. 60, 61 (1941).
  19. G. F. Giudice, I. Tkachev, and A. Riotto, Nonthermal production of dangerous relics in the early universe, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (1999) 009.
  20. G. F. Giudice, A. Riotto, and I. Tkachev, Thermal and nonthermal production of gravitinos in the early universe, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (1999) 036.
  21. R. Kallosh, L. Kofman, A. Linde, and A. Van Proeyen, Gravitino production after inflation, Phys. Rev. D 61, 103503 (2000).
  22. Y. Kahn, D. A. Roberts, and J. Thaler, The Goldstone and Goldstino of supersymmetric inflation, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2015) 001.
  23. E. W. Kolb, A. J. Long, and E. McDonough, Catastrophic production of slow gravitinos, arXiv:2102.10113 [Phys. Rev. D (to be published)].
  24. A. A. Starobinsky, A new type of isotropic cosmological models without singularity, Adv. Ser. Astrophys. Cosmol. 3, 130 (1987).
  25. K. Sato, First order phase transition of a vacuum and expansion of the Universe, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 195, 467 (1981).
  26. A. H. Guth, The inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems, Phys. Rev. D 23, 347 (1981).
  27. A. D. Linde, A new inflationary universe scenario: A possible solution of the horizon, flatness, homogeneity, isotropy and primordial monopole problems, Phys. Lett. 108B, 389 (1982).
  28. A. Albrecht and P. J. Steinhardt, Cosmology for Grand Unified Theories with Radiatively Induced Symmetry Breaking, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1220 (1982).
  29. A. D. Linde, Chaotic inflation, Phys. Lett. 129B, 177 (1983).
  30. In a general theory of many interacting fields, the scalar sound speed cs may be understood as the determinant of the matrix of sound speeds of all fields kinetically coupled to the gravitino and with mass below the UV cutoff.

  31. R. Kallosh, A. D. Linde, D. A. Linde, and L. Susskind, Gravity and global symmetries, Phys. Rev. D 52, 912 (1995).
  32. L. Abbott and M. B. Wise, Wormholes and global symmetries, Nucl. Phys. B325, 687 (1989).
  33. S. B. Giddings and A. Strominger, Axion-induced topology change in quantum gravity and string theory, Nucl. Phys. B306, 890 (1988).
  34. T. Banks and N. Seiberg, Symmetries and strings in field theory and gravity, Phys. Rev. D 83, 084019 (2011).
  35. C. Cheung, P. Creminelli, A. L. Fitzpatrick, J. Kaplan, and L. Senatore, The effective field theory of inflation, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2008) 014.
  36. C. Armendariz-Picon, V. F. Mukhanov, and P. J. Steinhardt, Dynamical Solution to the Problem of a Small Cosmological Constant and Late Time Cosmic Acceleration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4438 (2000).
  37. C. Armendariz-Picon, V. F. Mukhanov, and P. J. Steinhardt, Essentials of k essence, Phys. Rev. D 63, 103510 (2001).
  38. J. H. Traschen and R. H. Brandenberger, Particle production during out-of-equilibrium phase transitions, Phys. Rev. D 42, 2491 (1990).
  39. L. Kofman, A. Linde, and A. A. Starobinsky, Reheating after Inflation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3195 (1994).
  40. L. Kofman, A. Linde, and A. A. Starobinsky, Towards the theory of reheating after inflation, Phys. Rev. D 56, 3258 (1997).
  41. E. McDonough and M. Scalisi, Inflation from nilpotent Kähler corrections, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2016) 028.
  42. R. Kallosh, A. Linde, D. Roest, and Y. Yamada, D3¯ induced geometric inflation, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2017) 057.
  43. S. Ferrara, R. Kallosh, A. Linde, and M. Porrati, Minimal supergravity models of inflation, Phys. Rev. D 88, 085038 (2013).
  44. R. Kallosh, A. Linde, and D. Roest, Superconformal inflationary α-attractors, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2013) 198.
  45. R. Kallosh, A. Linde, and D. Roest, Large field inflation and double α-attractors, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2014) 052.
  46. D. J. H. Chung, L. L. Everett, H. Yoo, and P. Zhou, Gravitational fermion production in inflationary cosmology, Phys. Lett. B 712, 147 (2012).
  47. M. A. Amin and D. Baumann, From wires to cosmology, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2016) 045.
  48. M. A. G. Garcia, M. A. Amin, S. G. Carlsten, and D. Green, Stochastic particle production in a de Sitter background, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2019) 012.
  49. M. A. G. Garcia, M. A. Amin, and D. Green, Curvature perturbations from stochastic particle production during inflation, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2020) 039.
  50. D. Z. Freedman and A. Van Proeyen, Supergravity (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2012), Vol. 5.
  51. M. Khlopov and A. Linde, Is it easy to save the gravitino? Phys. Lett. 138B, 265 (1984).
  52. J. Ellis, J. E. Kim, and D. Nanopoulos, Cosmological gravitino regeneration and decay, Phys. Lett. 145B, 181 (1984).
  53. V. Balasubramanian, P. Berglund, J. P. Conlon, and F. Quevedo, Systematics of moduli stabilisation in Calabi-Yau flux compactifications, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2005) 007.
  54. S. Sethi, Supersymmetry breaking by fluxes, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2018) 022.
  55. N. Arkani-Hamed, L. Motl, A. Nicolis, and C. Vafa, The string landscape, black holes and gravity as the weakest force, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2007) 060.
  56. M. C. Guzzetti, N. Bartolo, M. Liguori, and S. Matarrese, Gravitational waves from inflation, Riv. Nuovo Cimento 39, 399 (2016).
  57. R. Allahverdi et al., The first three seconds: A review of possible expansion histories of the early Universe, Open J. Astrophys. 4, 1 (2021).
  58. G. Obied, H. Ooguri, L. Spodyneiko, and C. Vafa, De Sitter space and the swampland, arXiv:1806.08362.
  59. S. Lanza, F. Marchesano, L. Martucci, and I. Valenzuela, Swampland conjectures for strings and membranes, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2021) 006.

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation