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Quantum Advantage: A Single Qubit’s Experimental Edge in Classical Data Storage

Chen Ding1,*, Edwin Peter Lobo2,*, Mir Alimuddin3,4,*, Xiao-Yue Xu1, Shuo Zhang1, Manik Banik3,†, Wan-Su Bao1,‡, and He-Liang Huang1,§

  • *C. D., E. P. L., and M. A. contributed equally to this letter.
  • †Contact author: manik11ju@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: bws@qiclab.cn
  • §Contact author: quanhhl@ustc.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 200201 – Published 13 November, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.200201

Abstract

We implement an experiment on a photonic quantum processor establishing efficacy of the elementary quantum system in classical information storage. The advantage is established by considering a class of simple bipartite games played with the communication resource qubit and classical bit (c bit), respectively. Conventional wisdom, supported by the no-go theorems of Holevo and Frenkel-Weiner, suggests that such a quantum advantage is unattainable when the sender and receiver share randomness or classical correlations. However, our results reveal a quantum advantage in a scenario devoid of any shared randomness. Our experiment involves the development of a variational triangular polarimeter, enabling the realization of positive operator value measurements crucial for establishing the targeted quantum advantage. Beyond showcasing a robust communication advantage with a single qubit, our work paves the way for immediate applications in near-term quantum technologies. It provides a semi-device-independent certification scheme for quantum encoding-decoding systems and offers an efficient method for information loading and transmission in quantum networks.

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