- Open Access
Dual-Isometric Projected Entangled Pair States
Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 190401 – Published 5 November, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.190401
Abstract
Efficient characterization of higher dimensional many-body physical states presents significant challenges. In this Letter, we propose a new class of projected entangled pair states (PEPS) that incorporates two isometric conditions. This new class facilitates the efficient calculation of general local observables and certain two-point correlation functions, which have been previously shown to be intractable for general PEPS, or PEPS with only a single isometric constraint. Despite incorporating two isometric conditions, our class preserves the rich physical structure while enhancing the analytical capabilities. It features a large set of tunable parameters, with only a subleading correction compared to that of general PEPS. Furthermore, we analytically demonstrate that this class can encode universal quantum computation and can represent a transition from topological to trivial order.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
Supplemental Material
References (72)
- M. Fannes, B. Nachtergaele, and R. F. Werner, Finitely correlated states on quantum spin chains, Commun. Math. Phys. 144, 443 (1992).
- J. I. Cirac, D. Pérez-García, N. Schuch, and F. Verstraete, Matrix product states and projected entangled pair states: Concepts, symmetries, theorems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 045003 (2021).
- J. Haegeman and F. Verstraete, Diagonalizing transfer matrices and matrix product operators: A medley of exact and computational methods, Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 8, 355 (2017).
- F. Verstraete and J. I. Cirac, Renormalization algorithms for quantum-many body systems in two and higher dimensions, arXiv:cond-mat/0407066.
- J. Eisert, M. Cramer, and M. B. Plenio, Colloquium: Area laws for the entanglement entropy, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 277 (2010).
- H. Niggemann, A. Klümper, and J. Zittartz, Quantum phase transition in spin- systems on the hexagonal lattice—optimum ground state approach, Z. Phys. B Condens. Matter 104, 103 (1997).
- F. Verstraete and J. I. Cirac, Matrix product states represent ground states faithfully, Phys. Rev. B 73, 094423 (2006).
- F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, D. Perez-Garcia, and J. I. Cirac, Criticality, the area law, and the computational power of projected entangled pair states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 220601 (2006).
- M. B. Hastings, An area law for one-dimensional quantum systems, J. Stat. Mech. (2007) P08024.
- F. G. Brandao and M. Horodecki, Exponential decay of correlations implies area law, Commun. Math. Phys. 333, 761 (2015).
- A. Molnar, N. Schuch, F. Verstraete, and J. I. Cirac, Approximating Gibbs states of local Hamiltonians efficiently with projected entangled pair states, Phys. Rev. B 91, 045138 (2015).
- A. Anshu, A. W. Harrow, and M. Soleimanifar, Entanglement spread area law in gapped ground states, Nat. Phys. 18, 1362 (2022).
- A. Anshu, I. Arad, and D. Gosset, An area law for 2d frustration-free spin systems, in Proceedings of the 54th Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 2022), pp. 12–18.
- M. J. O’Rourke and G. K.-L. Chan, Entanglement in the quantum phases of an unfrustrated Rydberg atom array, Nat. Commun. 14, 5397 (2023).
- I. Pižorn, L. Wang, and F. Verstraete, Time evolution of projected entangled pair states in the single-layer picture, Phys. Rev. A 83, 052321 (2011).
- R. T. Ponnaganti, M. Mambrini, and D. Poilblanc, Real-time dynamics of a critical resonating valence bond spin liquid, Phys. Rev. B 106, 195132 (2022).
- R. T. Ponnaganti, M. Mambrini, and D. Poilblanc, Tensor network variational optimizations for real-time dynamics: Application to the time-evolution of spin liquids, SciPost Phys. 15, 158 (2023).
- M. Levin and C. P. Nave, Tensor renormalization group approach to two-dimensional classical lattice models, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 120601 (2007).
- Z. Y. Xie, H. C. Jiang, Q. N. Chen, Z. Y. Weng, and T. Xiang, Second renormalization of tensor-network states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 160601 (2009).
- H. H. Zhao, Z. Y. Xie, Q. N. Chen, Z. C. Wei, J. W. Cai, and T. Xiang, Renormalization of tensor-network states, Phys. Rev. B 81, 174411 (2010).
- H.-H. Zhao, Z.-Y. Xie, T. Xiang, and M. Imada, Tensor network algorithm by coarse-graining tensor renormalization on finite periodic lattices, Phys. Rev. B 93, 125115 (2016).
- X. Chen, Z.-C. Gu, and X.-G. Wen, Classification of gapped symmetric phases in one-dimensional spin systems, Phys. Rev. B 83, 035107 (2011).
- N. Schuch, D. Pérez-García, and I. Cirac, Classifying quantum phases using matrix product states and projected entangled pair states, Phys. Rev. B 84, 165139 (2011).
- N. Schuch, D. Poilblanc, J. I. Cirac, and D. Pérez-García, Topological order in the projected entangled-pair states formalism: Transfer operator and boundary Hamiltonians, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 090501 (2013).
- P. Corboz, P. Czarnik, G. Kapteijns, and L. Tagliacozzo, Finite correlation length scaling with infinite projected entangled-pair states, Phys. Rev. X 8, 031031 (2018).
- Z. Liu, Q. Ye, L.-W. Yu, L. M. Duan, and D.-L. Deng, Theory on variational high-dimensional tensor networks, arXiv:2303.17452.
- S. Cheng, L. Wang, and P. Zhang, Supervised learning with projected entangled pair states, Phys. Rev. B 103, 125117 (2021).
- A. Azizi, K. Najafi, M. Mohseni, and C. A. Venice, Learning phase transition in Ising model with tensor-network Born machines, in 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, First Workshop on Quantum Tensor Networks in Machine Learning (Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, Inc. (NeurIPS), 2020).
- M. Lubasch, J. I. Cirac, and M.-C. Bañuls, Algorithms for finite projected entangled pair states, Phys. Rev. B 90, 064425 (2014).
- M. Lubasch, J. I. Cirac, and M.-C. Bañuls, Unifying projected entangled pair state contractions, New J. Phys. 16, 033014 (2014).
- G. Scarpa, A. Molnár, Y. Ge, J. J. García-Ripoll, N. Schuch, D. Pérez-García, and S. Iblisdir, Projected entangled pair states: Fundamental analytical and numerical limitations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 210504 (2020).
- L. Vanderstraeten, J. Haegeman, P. Corboz, and F. Verstraete, Gradient methods for variational optimization of projected entangled-pair states, Phys. Rev. B 94, 155123 (2016).
- N. Schuch, M. M. Wolf, F. Verstraete, and J. I. Cirac, Computational complexity of projected entangled pair states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 140506 (2007).
- J. Haferkamp, D. Hangleiter, J. Eisert, and M. Gluza, Contracting projected entangled pair states is average-case hard, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 013010 (2020).
- R. Haghshenas, M. J. O’Rourke, and Garnet Kin-Lic Chan, Conversion of projected entangled pair states into a canonical form, Phys. Rev. B 100, 054404 (2019).
- M. P. Zaletel and F. Pollmann, Isometric tensor network states in two dimensions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 037201 (2020).
- Z.-Y. Wei, D. Malz, and J. I. Cirac, Sequential generation of projected entangled-pair states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 010607 (2022).
- D. Haag, F. Baccari, and G. Styliaris, Typical correlation length of sequentially generated tensor network states, PRX Quantum 4, 030330 (2023).
- T. Soejima, K. Siva, N. Bultinck, S. Chatterjee, F. Pollmann, and M. P. Zaletel, Isometric tensor network representation of string-net liquids, Phys. Rev. B 101, 085117 (2020).
- Y.-J. Liu, K. Shtengel, and F. Pollmann, Topological quantum phase transitions in 2d isometric tensor networks, arXiv:2312.05079.
- D. Malz and R. Trivedi, Computational complexity of isometric tensor network states, arXiv:2402.07975.
- Y. Wu, S. Anand, S.-H. Lin, F. Pollmann, and M. P. Zaletel, Two-dimensional isometric tensor networks on an infinite strip, Phys. Rev. B 107, 245118 (2023).
- S.-H. Lin, M. P. Zaletel, and F. Pollmann, Efficient simulation of dynamics in two-dimensional quantum spin systems with isometric tensor networks, Phys. Rev. B 106, 245102 (2022).
- B. Bertini, P. Kos, and T. Prosen, Exact correlation functions for dual-unitary lattice models in dimensions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 210601 (2019).
- See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.190401 for details, which includes Refs. [46–53].
- L. Piroli, B. Bertini, J. I. Cirac, and T. Prosen, Exact dynamics in dual-unitary quantum circuits, Phys. Rev. B 101, 094304 (2020).
- R. Raussendorf, D. E. Browne, and H. J. Briegel, Measurement-based quantum computation on cluster states, Phys. Rev. A 68, 022312 (2003).
- M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2010).
- A. Molnar, J. Garre-Rubio, D. Pérez-García, N. Schuch, and J. I. Cirac, Normal projected entangled pair states generating the same state, New J. Phys. 20, 113017 (2018).
- D. Pérez-García, M. Sanz, C. Gonzalez-Guillen, M. M. Wolf, and J. I. Cirac, Characterizing symmetries in a projected entangled pair state, New J. Phys. 12, 025010 (2010).
- M. M. Wolf, Quantum channels and operations-guided tour (2012), https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1701036/document.pdf.
- S. Singh, R. N. C. Pfeifer, and G. Vidal, Tensor network states and algorithms in the presence of a global U(1) symmetry, Phys. Rev. B 83, 115125 (2011).
- B. Bauer, P. Corboz, R. Orús, and M. Troyer, Implementing global Abelian symmetries in projected entangled-pair state algorithms, Phys. Rev. B 83, 125106 (2011).
- P. Kos and G. Styliaris, Circuits of space and time quantum channels, Quantum 7, 1020 (2023).
- F. Pastawski, B. Yoshida, D. Harlow, and J. Preskill, Holographic quantum error-correcting codes: Toy models for the bulk/boundary correspondence, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2015) 149.
- G. Evenbly, Hyperinvariant tensor networks and holography, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 141602 (2017).
- M. Steinberg and J. Prior, Conformal properties of hyperinvariant tensor networks, Sci. Rep. 12, 532 (2022).
- M. Steinberg, S. Feld, and A. Jahn, Holographic codes from hyperinvariant tensor networks, Nat. Commun. 14, 7314 (2023).
- M. C. Bañuls, D. Pérez-García, M. M. Wolf, F. Verstraete, and J. I. Cirac, Sequentially generated states for the study of two-dimensional systems, Phys. Rev. A 77, 052306 (2008).
- C. Jonay, V. Khemani, and M. Ippoliti, Triunitary quantum circuits, Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 043046 (2021).
- M. Mestyán, B. Pozsgay, and I. M. Wanless, Multi-directional unitarity and maximal entanglement in spatially symmetric quantum states, SciPost Phys. 16, 010 (2024).
Each edge hosts two spins that can be merged into a single one by .
- A. Y. Kitaev, Fault-tolerant quantum computation by anyons, Ann. Phys. (Amsterdam) 303, 2 (2003).
A PEPS tensor is called normal if it becomes injective after blocking. Generic PEPS are normal [2].
- M. J. Bremner, R. Jozsa, and D. J. Shepherd, Classical simulation of commuting quantum computations implies collapse of the polynomial hierarchy, Proc. R. Soc. A 467, 459 (2011).
- R. Suzuki, K. Mitarai, and K. Fujii, Computational power of one- and two-dimensional dual-unitary quantum circuits, Quantum 6, 631 (2022).
- N. Schuch, I. Cirac, and D. Pérez-García, Peps as ground states: Degeneracy and topology, Ann. Phys. (Amsterdam) 325, 2153 (2010).
- J. Haegeman, V. Zauner, N. Schuch, and F. Verstraete, Shadows of anyons and the entanglement structure of topological phases, Nat. Commun. 6, 8284 (2015).
- M. A. Levin and X.-G. Wen, String-net condensation: A physical mechanism for topological phases, Phys. Rev. B 71, 045110 (2005).
- Z.-C. Gu, M. Levin, B. Swingle, and X.-G. Wen, Tensor-product representations for string-net condensed states, Phys. Rev. B 79, 085118 (2009).
- G. Giudici, J. I. Cirac, and N. Schuch, Locality optimization for parent Hamiltonians of tensor networks, Phys. Rev. B 106, 035109 (2022).
- H.-R. Wang, X.-Y. Yang, and Z. Wang, Exact hidden Markovian dynamics in quantum circuits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 170402 (2024).