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Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in $p^{↑} + p$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$

U. A. Acharya²⁰, C. Aidala⁴⁰, Y. Akiba^53,54,†, M. Alfred²², V. Andrieux⁴⁰, N. Apadula²⁷, H. Asano^33,53, B. Azmoun⁷, V. Babintsev²³ et al. (PHENIX Collaboration)

V. Babintsev²³, N. S. Bandara³⁹, K. N. Barish⁸, S. Bathe^5,54, A. Bazilevsky⁷, M. Beaumier⁸, R. Belmont^11,46, A. Berdnikov⁵⁶, Y. Berdnikov⁵⁶, L. Bichon⁶⁴, B. Blankenship⁶⁴, D. S. Blau^32,43, J. S. Bok⁴⁵, M. L. Brooks³⁵, J. Bryslawskyj^5,8, V. Bumazhnov²³, S. Campbell¹², V. Canoa Roman⁵⁹, R. Cervantes⁵⁹, C. Y. Chi¹², M. Chiu⁷, I. J. Choi²⁴, J. B. Choi^29,*, Z. Citron⁶⁵, M. Connors^20,54, R. Corliss⁵⁹, Y. Corrales Morales³⁵, N. Cronin⁵⁹, M. Csanád¹⁵, T. Csörgő^16,66, T. W. Danley⁴⁷, M. S. Daugherity¹, G. David^7,59, K. DeBlasio⁴⁴, K. Dehmelt⁵⁹, A. Denisov²³, A. Deshpande^54,59, E. J. Desmond⁷, A. Dion⁵⁹, D. Dixit⁵⁹, J. H. Do⁶⁷, A. Drees⁵⁹, K. A. Drees⁶, J. M. Durham³⁵, A. Durum²³, A. Enokizono^53,55, H. En’yo⁵³, R. Esha⁵⁹, S. Esumi⁶³, B. Fadem⁴¹, W. Fan⁵⁹, N. Feege⁵⁹, D. E. Fields⁴⁴, M. Finger⁹, M. Finger, Jr.⁹, D. Fitzgerald⁴⁰, S. L. Fokin³², J. E. Frantz⁴⁷, A. Franz⁷, A. D. Frawley¹⁹, Y. Fukuda⁶³, C. Gal⁵⁹, P. Gallus¹³, P. Garg^3,59, H. Ge⁵⁹, M. Giles⁵⁹, F. Giordano²⁴, Y. Goto^53,54, N. Grau², S. V. Greene⁶⁴, M. Grosse Perdekamp²⁴, T. Gunji¹⁰, H. Guragain²⁰, T. Hachiya^42,53,54, J. S. Haggerty⁷, K. I. Hahn¹⁷, H. Hamagaki¹⁰, H. F. Hamilton¹, S. Y. Han^17,31, J. Hanks⁵⁹, M. Harvey⁶¹, S. Hasegawa²⁸, T. O. S. Haseler²⁰, X. He²⁰, T. K. Hemmick⁵⁹, J. C. Hill²⁷, K. Hill¹¹, A. Hodges²⁰, R. S. Hollis⁸, K. Homma²¹, B. Hong³¹, T. Hoshino²¹, N. Hotvedt²⁷, J. Huang⁷, S. Huang⁶⁴, K. Imai²⁸, M. Inaba⁶³, A. Iordanova⁸, D. Isenhower¹, D. Ivanishchev⁵¹, B. V. Jacak⁵⁹, M. Jezghani²⁰, Z. Ji⁵⁹, X. Jiang³⁵, B. M. Johnson ^7,20, D. Jouan⁴⁹, D. S. Jumper²⁴, J. H. Kang⁶⁷, D. Kapukchyan⁸, S. Karthas⁵⁹, D. Kawall³⁹, A. V. Kazantsev³², V. Khachatryan⁵⁹, A. Khanzadeev⁵¹, A. Khatiwada³⁵, C. Kim^8,31, E.-J. Kim²⁹, M. Kim⁵⁷, D. Kincses¹⁵, A. Kingan⁵⁹, E. Kistenev⁷, J. Klatsky¹⁹, P. Kline⁵⁹, T. Koblesky¹¹, D. Kotov^51,56, S. Kudo⁶³, B. Kurgyis¹⁵, K. Kurita⁵⁵, Y. Kwon⁶⁷, J. G. Lajoie²⁷, D. Larionova⁵⁶, A. Lebedev²⁷, S. Lee⁶⁷, S. H. Lee^27,40,59, M. J. Leitch³⁵, Y. H. Leung⁵⁹, N. A. Lewis⁴⁰, X. Li³⁵, S. H. Lim^35,52,67, M. X. Liu³⁵, V.-R. Loggins²⁴, S. Lökös¹⁵, D. A. Loomis⁴⁰, K. Lovasz¹⁴, D. Lynch⁷, T. Majoros¹⁴, Y. I. Makdisi⁶, M. Makek⁶⁸, V. I. Manko³², E. Mannel⁷, M. McCumber³⁵, P. L. McGaughey³⁵, D. McGlinchey^11,35, C. McKinney²⁴, M. Mendoza⁸, A. C. Mignerey³⁸, A. Milov⁶⁵, D. K. Mishra⁴, J. T. Mitchell⁷, Iu. Mitrankov⁵⁶, M. Mitrankova⁵⁶, G. Mitsuka^30,54, S. Miyasaka^53,62, S. Mizuno^53,63, M. M. Mondal⁵⁹, P. Montuenga²⁴, T. Moon^31,67, D. P. Morrison⁷, B. Mulilo^31,53, T. Murakami^33,53, J. Murata^53,55, K. Nagai⁶², K. Nagashima²¹, T. Nagashima⁵⁵, J. L. Nagle¹¹, M. I. Nagy¹⁵, I. Nakagawa^53,54, K. Nakano^53,62, C. Nattrass⁶⁰, S. Nelson¹⁸, T. Niida⁶³, R. Nouicer^7,54, T. Novák^16,66, N. Novitzky^59,63, G. Nukazuka^53,54, A. S. Nyanin³², E. O’Brien⁷, C. A. Ogilvie²⁷, J. D. Orjuela Koop¹¹, J. D. Osborn^40,48, A. Oskarsson³⁶, G. J. Ottino⁴⁴, K. Ozawa^30,63, V. Pantuev²⁵, V. Papavassiliou⁴⁵, J. S. Park⁵⁷, S. Park^53,57,59, S. F. Pate⁴⁵, M. Patel²⁷, W. Peng⁶⁴, D. V. Perepelitsa^7,11, G. D. N. Perera⁴⁵, D. Yu. Peressounko³², C. E. PerezLara⁵⁹, J. Perry²⁷, R. Petti⁷, M. Phipps^7,24, C. Pinkenburg⁷, R. P. Pisani⁷, M. Potekhin⁷, A. Pun⁴⁷, M. L. Purschke⁷, P. V. Radzevich⁵⁶, N. Ramasubramanian⁵⁹, K. F. Read^48,60, D. Reynolds⁵⁸, V. Riabov^43,51, Y. Riabov^51,56, D. Richford⁵, T. Rinn^24,27, S. D. Rolnick⁸, M. Rosati²⁷, Z. Rowan⁵, J. Runchey²⁷, A. S. Safonov⁵⁶, T. Sakaguchi⁷, H. Sako²⁸, V. Samsonov^43,51, M. Sarsour²⁰, S. Sato²⁸, B. Schaefer⁶⁴, B. K. Schmoll⁶⁰, K. Sedgwick⁸, R. Seidl^53,54, A. Sen^27,60, R. Seto⁸, A. Sexton³⁸, D. Sharma⁵⁹, D. Sharma⁵⁹, I. Shein²³, T.-A. Shibata^53,62, K. Shigaki²¹, M. Shimomura^27,42, T. Shioya⁶³, P. Shukla⁴, A. Sickles²⁴, C. L. Silva³⁵, D. Silvermyr³⁶, B. K. Singh³, C. P. Singh³, V. Singh³, M. Slunečka⁹, K. L. Smith¹⁹, M. Snowball³⁵, R. A. Soltz³⁴, W. E. Sondheim³⁵, S. P. Sorensen⁶⁰, I. V. Sourikova⁷, P. W. Stankus⁴⁸, S. P. Stoll⁷, T. Sugitate²¹, A. Sukhanov⁷, T. Sumita⁵³, J. Sun⁵⁹, Z. Sun¹⁴, J. Sziklai⁶⁶, K. Tanida^28,54,57, M. J. Tannenbaum⁷, S. Tarafdar^64,65, A. Taranenko⁴³, G. Tarnai¹⁴, R. Tieulent^20,37, A. Timilsina²⁷, T. Todoroki^53,54,63, M. Tomášek¹³, C. L. Towell¹, R. S. Towell¹, I. Tserruya⁶⁵, Y. Ueda²¹, B. Ujvari¹⁴, H. W. van Hecke³⁵, J. Velkovska⁶⁴, M. Virius¹³, V. Vrba^13,26, N. Vukman⁶⁸, X. R. Wang^45,54, Y. S. Watanabe¹⁰, C. P. Wong^20,35, C. L. Woody⁷, C. Xu⁴⁵, Q. Xu⁶⁴, L. Xue²⁰, S. Yalcin⁵⁹, Y. L. Yamaguchi⁵⁹, H. Yamamoto⁶³, A. Yanovich²³, J. H. Yoo³¹, I. Yoon⁵⁷, H. Yu^45,50, I. E. Yushmanov³², W. A. Zajc¹², A. Zelenski⁶, S. Zharko⁵⁶, and L. Zou⁸ (PHENIX Collaboration)

¹Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699, USA
²Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
³Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
⁴Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 400 085, India
⁵Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10010, USA
⁶Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
⁷Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
⁸University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
⁹Charles University, Ovocný trh 5, Praha 1, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic
¹⁰Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
¹¹University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
¹²Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 and Nevis Laboratories, Irvington, New York 10533, USA
¹³Czech Technical University, Zikova 4, 166 36 Prague 6, Czech Republic
¹⁴Debrecen University, H-4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
¹⁵ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary
¹⁶Eszterházy Károly University, Károly Róbert Campus, H-3200 Gyöngyös, Mátrai út 36, Hungary
¹⁷Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
¹⁸Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
¹⁹Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
²⁰Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
²¹Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
²²Department of Physics and Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA
²³IHEP Protvino, State Research Center of Russian Federation, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281, Russia
²⁴University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
²⁵Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
²⁶Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
²⁷Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
²⁸Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata Shirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken 319-1195, Japan
²⁹Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
³⁰KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
³¹Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
³²National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute,” Moscow, 123098 Russia
³³Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³⁴Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
³⁵Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
³⁶Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
³⁷IPNL, CNRS/IN2P3, Univ Lyon, Universit Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
³⁸University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
³⁹Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9337, USA
⁴⁰Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
⁴¹Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-5586, USA
⁴²Nara Women’s University, Kita-uoya Nishi-machi Nara 630-8506, Japan
⁴³National Research Nuclear University, MEPhI, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow 115409, Russia
⁴⁴University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
⁴⁵New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
⁴⁶Physics and Astronomy Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, USA
⁴⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
⁴⁸Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
⁴⁹IPN-Orsay, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, BP1, F-91406 Orsay, France
⁵⁰Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
⁵¹PNPI, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad region 188300, Russia
⁵²Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea
⁵³RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
⁵⁴RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
⁵⁵Physics Department, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
⁵⁶Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
⁵⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
⁵⁸Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
⁵⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
⁶⁰University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
⁶¹Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
⁶²Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
⁶³Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
⁶⁴Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
⁶⁵Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
⁶⁶Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Wigner RCP, RMKI) H-1525 Budapest 114, P.O. Box 49, Budapest, Hungary
⁶⁷Yonsei University, IPAP, Seoul 120-749, Korea
⁶⁸Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička c. 32 HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia

^*Deceased.
^†PHENIX Spokesperson. akiba@rcf.rhic.bnl.gov

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 162001 – Published 12 October, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.162001

Abstract

Studying spin-momentum correlations in hadronic collisions offers a glimpse into a three-dimensional picture of proton structure. The transverse single-spin asymmetry for midrapidity isolated direct photons in $p^{↑} + p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$ is measured with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Because direct photons in particular are produced from the hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force, this measurement is a clean probe of initial-state spin-momentum correlations inside the proton and is in particular sensitive to gluon interference effects within the proton. This is the first time direct photons have been used as a probe of spin-momentum correlations at RHIC. The uncertainties on the results are a 50-fold improvement with respect to those of the one prior measurement for the same observable, from the Fermilab E704 experiment. These results constrain gluon spin-momentum correlations in transversely polarized protons.

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References (31)

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The trigluon Model 1 and Model 2 curves in Fig. 2 were provided by S. Yoshida, while D. Pitonyak provided the quark-gluon-quark curve.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 162001– Published 12 October, 2021

Vol. 127, Iss. 16 — 15 October 2021

Received 1 March 2021
Revised 26 July 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.162001

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in $p^{↑} + p$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$

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Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in p↑+p Collisions at s=200 GeV

Abstract

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Article Text

References (31)

Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in $p^{↑} + p$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$