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Positive Neutrino Masses with DESI DR2 via Matter Conversion to Dark Energy

S. P. Ahlen1, A. Aviles2,3, B. Cartwright4, K. S. Croker4,5, W. Elbers6, D. Farrah5,7, N. Fernandez8, G. Niz9,3, J. W. Rohlf1 et al. (DESI Collaboration)

J. W. Rohlf1, G. Tarlé10,*, R. A. Windhorst4, J. Aguilar11, U. Andrade12,10, D. Bianchi13,14, D. Brooks15, T. Claybaugh11, A. de la Macorra16, A. de Mattia17, B. Dey18,19, P. Doel15, J. E. Forero-Romero20,21, E. Gaztañaga22,23,24, S. Gontcho A. Gontcho11, G. Gutierrez25, D. Huterer10, M. Ishak26, R. Kehoe27, D. Kirkby28, A. Kremin11, O. Lahav15, C. Lamman29, M. Landriau11, L. Le Guillou30, M. E. Levi11, M. Manera31,32, R. Miquel33,32, J. Moustakas34, I. Pérez-Ràfols35, F. Prada36, G. Rossi37, E. Sanchez38, M. Schubnell10, H. Seo39, J. Silber11, D. Sprayberry40, M. Walther41,42, B. A. Weaver40, R. H. Wechsler43,44,45, and H. Zou46 (DESI Collaboration)

  • 1Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
  • 2Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62210, México
  • 3Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C., San Marcos 11-Atenas 202. Magdalena Contreras. Ciudad de México C. P. 10720, México
  • 4School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6004, USA
  • 5Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
  • 6Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
  • 7Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
  • 8NHETC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
  • 9Departamento de Física, DCI-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, León, Guanajuato C. P. 37150, México
  • 10Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 11Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 12Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
  • 13Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
  • 14INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • 15Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 16Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C. P. 04510, México
  • 17IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
  • 18Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
  • 19Department of Physics & Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
  • 20Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, Código Postal 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 21Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, Código Postal 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
  • 22Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
  • 23Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 24Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
  • 25Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
  • 26Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
  • 27Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
  • 28Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
  • 29Center for Astrophysics|Harvard and Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
  • 30Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France
  • 31Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 32Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 33Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 34Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
  • 35Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
  • 36Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
  • 37Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
  • 38CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • 39Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
  • 40NSF NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
  • 41Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
  • 42University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81677 München, Germany
  • 43Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94305, USA
  • 44Physics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 93405, USA
  • 45SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 46National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, Peoples Republic of China

  • *Contact author: gtarle@umich.edu
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 081003 – Published 21 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yb2k-kn7h

Abstract

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is a massively parallel spectroscopic survey on the Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak, which has released measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations determined from over 14 million extragalactic targets. We combine DESI Data Release 2 with CMB datasets to search for evidence of matter conversion to dark energy (DE), focusing on a scenario mediated by stellar collapse to cosmologically coupled black holes (CCBHs). In this physical model, which has the same number of free parameters as ΛCDM, DE production is determined by the cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD), allowing for distinct early- and late-time cosmologies. Using two SFRDs to bracket current observations, we find that the CCBH model: accurately recovers the cosmological expansion history, agrees with early-time baryon abundance measured by BBN, reduces tension with the local distance ladder, and relaxes constraints on the summed neutrino mass ∑mν. For these SFRDs, we find a peaked positive ∑mν<0.149  eV (95% confidence) and ∑mν=0.106−0.069+0.050  eV, respectively, in good agreement with lower limits from neutrino oscillation experiments. A peak in ∑mν>0 results from late-time baryon consumption in the CCBH scenario and is expected to be a general feature of any model that converts sufficient matter to dark energy during and after reionization.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 081003– Published 21 August, 2025
  • Received 1 May 2025
  • Accepted 23 June 2025
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