Open Access

GW240925 and GW250207: Astrophysical Calibration of Gravitational Wave Detectors

A. G. Abac ¹, I. Abouelfettouh², F. Acernese^3,4, K. Ackley ⁵, A. Adam⁶, C. Adamcewicz ⁷, S. Adhicary ⁸, D. Adhikari^9,10, N. Adhikari ¹¹ et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration)

N. Adhikari ¹¹, R. X. Adhikari ¹², V. K. Adkins¹³, S. Afroz ¹⁴, A. Agapito ¹⁵, D. Agarwal ¹⁶, M. Agathos ¹⁷, N. Aggarwal¹⁸, S. Aggarwal¹⁹, O. D. Aguiar ²⁰, I.-L. Ahrend²¹, L. Aiello ^22,23, A. Ain ²⁴, P. Ajith ²⁵, T. Akutsu ^26,27, S. Albanesi ^28,29, L. Albers³⁰, W. Ali^31,32, S. Al-Kershi^9,10, C. Alléné³³, A. Allocca ^34,4, S. Al-Shammari³⁵, P. A. Altin ³⁶, S. Alvarez-Lopez ³⁷, W. Amar³³, O. Amarasinghe³⁵, A. Amato ^38,39, F. Amicucci ^40,41, C. Amra⁴², C. Anand⁷, A. Ananyeva¹², S. B. Anderson ¹², W. G. Anderson ¹², M. Andia ⁴³, M. Ando ^44,45, M. Andrés-Carcasona ³⁷, J. L. Andrey⁴⁶, T. Andrić ^47,48, J. Anglin⁴⁹, J. Anna⁵⁰, S. Ansoldi ^51,52, J. M. Antelis ⁵³, S. Antier ⁴³, M. Aoumi⁵⁴, E. Z. Appavuravther^55,56, S. Appert¹², S. K. Apple ⁵⁷, K. Arai ¹², A. Araya ⁵⁸, M. C. Araya ¹², M. Arca Sedda^47,48, F. Arciprete ^22,23, J. S. Areeda ⁵⁹, N. Aritomi², F. Armato ^31,32, S. Armstrong ⁶⁰, N. Arnaud ⁶¹, M. Arogeti ⁶², S. M. Aronson ⁴⁹, K. G. Arun ⁶³, G. Ashton ⁶⁴, Y. Aso ^54,65, L. Asprea²⁹, M. Assiduo^66,67, S. Assis de Souza Melo⁶⁸, S. M. Aston⁶⁹, P. Astone ⁴⁰, F. Attadio ^41,40, F. Aubin ⁷⁰, K. AultONeal ⁵⁰, G. Avallone ⁷¹, E. A. Avila ⁵³, S. Babak ²¹, C. Badger⁷², S. Bae⁷³, S. Bagnasco ²⁹, L. Baiotti ⁷⁴, R. Bajpai ⁷⁵, T. Baka ^76,39, K. A. Baker ⁶, T. Baker ⁷⁷, G. Balbi⁷⁸, G. Baldi ^79,80, N. Baldicchi ^81,55, M. Ball⁸², G. Ballardin⁶⁸, S. W. Ballmer⁸³, S. Banagiri ⁷, B. Banerjee ⁴⁷, D. Bankar ⁸⁴, T. M. Baptiste¹³, P. Baral ¹¹, M. Baratti ^85,86, J. C. Barayoga¹², K. Baric¹², B. C. Barish¹², D. Barker², N. Barman⁸⁴, P. Barneo ^87,88,89, F. Barone ^90,4, B. Barr ⁹¹, M. Barrios⁹², L. Barsotti ³⁷, M. Barsuglia ²¹, D. Barta ⁹³, M. A. Barton ⁹¹, I. Bartos⁴⁹, A. Basalaev ^9,10, R. Bassiri ⁹⁴, A. Basti ^86,85, M. Bawaj ^81,55, P. Baxi⁹⁵, J. C. Bayley ⁹¹, A. C. Baylor ¹¹, P. A. Baynard, II⁶², M. Bazzan^96,97, V. M. Bedakihale⁹⁸, F. Beirnaert ⁹⁹, M. Bejger ¹⁰⁰, D. Belardinelli ²³, A. S. Bell ⁹¹, C. Bellani ¹⁰¹, L. Bellizzi ^85,86, D. Beltran-Martinez ¹⁰², W. Benoit ¹⁹, I. Bentara ⁶¹, M. Ben Yaala⁶⁰, S. Bera ¹⁰³, F. Bergamin ³⁵, B. K. Berger ⁹⁴, S. Bernuzzi ²⁸, M. Beroiz ¹², C. P. L. Berry ⁹¹, I. Berry¹⁰⁴, D. Bersanetti ³¹, T. Bertheas¹⁰⁵, A. Bertolini^39,38, J. Betzwieser ⁶⁹, D. Beveridge ⁶, G. Bevilacqua ¹⁰⁶, N. Bevins ¹⁰⁷, R. Bhandare¹⁰⁸, R. Bhatt¹², A. Bhattacharjee¹⁰⁹, D. Bhattacharjee ^110,111, S. Bhattacharyya¹¹², S. Bhaumik ⁴⁹, V. Biancalana ¹⁰⁶, A. Bianchi^39,113, F. Bianchi⁵⁵, I. A. Bilenko¹¹⁴, G. Billingsley ¹², A. Binetti ¹⁰¹, S. Bini ^79,80,12, C. Binu¹¹⁵, S. Biot¹¹⁶, O. Birnholtz ¹¹⁷, S. Biscoveanu ^118,119, A. Bisht¹⁰, M. Bitossi ^68,85, M.-A. Bizouard ¹²⁰, S. Blaber ¹²¹, J. K. Blackburn ¹², L. A. Blagg⁸², C. D. Blair^6,69, D. G. Blair⁶, N. Bode ^9,10, N. Boettner³⁰, P. Bogdan¹²², G. Boileau ¹²⁰, M. Boldrini ⁴⁰, G. N. Bolingbroke ¹²³, A. Bolliand^42,124, L. D. Bonavena ⁴⁹, R. Bondarescu ⁸⁷, F. Bondu ¹²⁵, V. A. Bonhomme³⁷, E. Bonilla ⁹⁴, M. S. Bonilla ⁵⁹, A. Bonino¹²⁶, R. Bonnand ^33,124, A. Borchers^9,10, N. Borghi ^127,78, V. Boschi ⁸⁵, S. Bose¹²⁸, V. Bossilkov⁶⁹, Y. Bothra ^39,113, A. Boudon⁶¹, M. Boyle¹²⁹, A. Bozzi⁶⁸, C. Bradaschia⁸⁵, M. J. Brady¹³⁰, P. R. Brady ¹¹, A. Branch⁶⁹, M. Branchesi ^47,48, T. Briant ¹³¹, A. Brillet¹²⁰, M. Brinkmann^9,10, P. Brockill¹¹, E. Brockmueller ^9,10, A. F. Brooks ¹², B. C. Brown⁴⁹, D. D. Brown¹²³, M. L. Brozzetti ^81,55, S. Brunett¹², G. Bruno¹⁶, R. Bruntz ¹²², J. Bryant¹²⁶, Y. Bu ¹³², F. Bucci ⁶⁷, J. Buchanan¹²², O. Bulashenko ^87,88, T. Bulik¹³³, H. J. Bulten³⁹, A. Buonanno ^134,1, K. Burtnyk², R. Buscicchio ^135,136, D. Buskulic³³, C. Buy ¹⁰⁵, R. L. Byer⁹⁴, R. Cabrita ¹⁶, V. Cáceres-Barbosa ⁸, L. Cadonati ⁶², G. Cagnoli ¹³⁷, C. Cahillane ⁸³, A. Calafat ¹³⁸, T. A. Callister¹³⁹, E. Calloni^34,4, S. R. Callos ⁸², M. Canepa^32,31, G. Caneva Santoro¹⁴⁰, K. C. Cannon ⁴⁵, H. Cao³⁷, L. A. Capistran¹⁴¹, E. Capocasa ²¹, G. Capoccia⁵⁵, E. Capote ², G. Capurri ^86,85, G. Carapella^71,142, F. Carbognani⁶⁸, K. J. Cardona-Martínez¹³, M. Carlassara ^9,10, J. B. Carlin ¹³², T. K. Carlson¹⁴³, M. F. Carney¹¹⁰, M. Carpinelli ^135,68, G. Carrillo⁸², J. J. Carter ^9,10, G. Carullo ¹²⁶, A. Casallas-Lagos¹⁴⁴, J. Casanueva Diaz⁶⁸, C. Casentini ^145,23, S. Caudill¹⁴³, M. Cavaglià ¹¹¹, R. Cavalieri ⁶⁸, G. Cella ⁸⁵, S. Cepic ¹²⁷, P. Cerdá-Durán ^146,147, E. Cesarini ²³, N. Chabbra³⁶, W. Chaibi¹²⁰, A. Chakraborty ¹⁴, P. Chakraborty ^9,10, S. Chakraborty¹⁰⁸, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya³⁰, R. Chalmers⁷⁷, C. Chan¹⁴⁸, J. C. L. Chan ¹⁴⁹, M. Chan¹²¹, K. Chang¹⁵⁰, P. Charlton ¹⁵¹, E. Chassande-Mottin ²¹, C. Chatterjee ¹⁵², Debarati Chatterjee ⁸⁴, Deep Chatterjee ³⁷, M. Chaturvedi¹⁰⁸, S. Chaty ²¹, K. Chatziioannou ¹², A. Chen ¹⁵³, A. H.-Y. Chen¹⁵⁴, D. Chen ¹⁵⁵, H. Chen¹⁵⁶, H. Y. Chen ¹⁵⁷, S. Chen¹⁵², Y. Chen¹⁵⁸, G. Cheng¹⁵³, H. P. Cheng¹⁰⁴, P. Chessa ^81,55, T. Cheunchitra ¹³², H. T. Cheung ⁹⁵, S. Y. Cheung⁷, F. Chiadini ^159,142, G. Chiarini^9,10, A. Chiba¹⁶⁰, A. Chincarini ³¹, D. Chintala¹¹⁰, M. L. Chiofalo ^86,85, A. Chiummo ^4,68, C. Chou¹⁶¹, S. Choudhary ⁶, N. Christensen ^120,162, S. S. Y. Chua ³⁶, G. Ciani ^79,80, P. Ciecielag ¹⁰⁰, M. Cieślar ¹³³, M. Cifaldi ²³, B. Cirok¹⁶³, F. Clara², J. A. Clark ^12,62, T. A. Clarke ⁷, P. Clearwater¹⁴⁸, S. Clesse¹¹⁶, F. Cleva¹²⁰, S. M. Clyne¹³⁰, E. Coccia^47,48,140, E. Codazzo ¹⁶⁴, P.-F. Cohadon ¹³¹, D. E. Cohen ^9,10, S. Colace ³², E. Colangeli⁷⁷, O. Cole¹⁴⁸, M. Colleoni ¹³⁸, C. G. Collette¹⁶⁵, J. Collins⁶⁹, S. Colloms ⁹¹, A. Colombo ^166,136, C. M. Compton², G. Connolly⁸², L. Conti ⁹⁷, T. R. Corbitt ¹³, I. Cordero-Carrión ¹⁶⁷, S. Corezzi ^81,55, N. J. Cornish ¹⁶⁸, I. Coronado¹⁶⁹, A. Corsi ¹⁷⁰, L. A. Corubolo ^22,23, L. Cotnoir¹²², R. Cottingham⁶⁹, M. W. Coughlin ¹⁹, P. Couvares ^12,62, D. M. Coward⁶, D. C. Coyne ¹², R. Coyne ¹³⁰, A. Cozzumbo⁴⁷, J. D. E. Creighton ¹¹, T. D. Creighton¹⁷¹, S. Crook⁶⁹, R. Crouch², J. Csizmazia², J. R. Cudell ¹⁷², T. J. Cullen ¹², A. Cumming ⁹¹, E. Cuoco ^127,78, M. Cusinato ¹⁴⁶, L. V. Da Conceição¹⁷³, T. Dal Canton⁴³, S. Dall’Osso ^174,78, S. Dal Pra¹⁷⁵, G. Dálya ¹⁰⁵, O. Dan¹¹⁷, Y. Dang⁸, B. D’Angelo ³¹, S. Danilishin ^38,39, S. D’Antonio ⁴⁰, K. Danzmann^9,10, K. E. Darroch¹²², L. P. Dartez ⁶⁹, R. Das¹¹², A. Dasgupta⁹⁸, V. Dattilo ⁶⁸, A. Daumas²¹, I. Dave¹⁰⁸, A. Davenport¹⁷⁶, M. Davier⁴³, T. F. Davies⁶, D. Davis ¹², L. Davis⁶, M. C. Davis ¹⁹, P. Davis ^177,178, E. J. Daw ¹⁷⁹, M. Dax ¹, J. De Bolle ⁹⁹, M. Deenadayalan⁸⁴, J. Degallaix ¹⁸⁰, M. De Laurentis ^34,4, C. J. Delgado Mendez¹⁰², F. De Lillo ²⁴, S. Della Torre ¹³⁶, W. Del Pozzo ^86,85, O. M. del Rio¹⁸¹, A. Demagny³³, F. De Marco ^41,40, G. Demasi^182,67, F. De Matteis ^22,23, N. Demos³⁷, T. Dent ¹⁸³, A. Depasse ¹⁶, N. DePergola¹⁰⁷, R. De Pietri ^184,185, R. De Rosa ^34,4, C. De Rossi ⁶⁸, M. Desai ³⁷, V. Deshmukh⁹¹, R. De Simone^159,142, S. Determan¹⁸⁶, A. Dhani ¹, R. Dhurkunde ⁷⁷, R. Diab⁴⁹, C. Diaz¹⁰², M. C. Díaz ¹⁷¹, M. Di Cesare ^34,4, G. Dideron¹⁸⁷, T. Dietrich ¹, L. Di Fiore⁴, C. Di Fronzo ⁶, M. Di Giovanni ^188,85, T. Di Girolamo ^34,4, D. Diksha ^39,38, J. Ding ^37,21,189, S. Di Pace ^41,40, I. Di Palma ^41,40, D. Di Piero^190,52, F. Di Renzo ^67,182, Divyajyoti³⁵, A. Dmitriev ¹²⁶, J. P. Docherty ⁹¹, Z. Doctor ¹¹⁸, N. Doerksen ¹⁷³, E. Dohmen², A. Doke¹⁴³, A. Domiciano De Souza¹⁹¹, L. D’Onofrio ⁴, F. Donovan³⁷, K. L. Dooley ³⁵, T. Dooney⁷⁶, S. Doravari ⁸⁴, O. Dorosh¹⁹², F. Dosopoulou³⁵, W. J. D. Doyle¹²², M. Drago ^41,40, J. C. Driggers ², M. Dubois¹⁰⁵, R. R. Dumbreck³⁵, L. Dunn ¹³², U. Dupletsa⁴⁷, D. D’Urso ^193,164, P. Dutta Roy⁴⁹, H. Duval ¹⁹⁴, P.-A. Duverne ²¹, S. E. Dwyer², C. Eassa², M. Eberhardt¹⁸⁶, M. Ebersold ^195,33, T. Eckhardt ³⁰, G. Eddolls ⁸³, A. Effler ⁶⁹, J. Eichholz ³⁶, H. Einsle¹²⁰, M. Eisenmann²⁶, R. A. Eisenstein³⁷, M. Emma ⁶⁴, K. Endo¹⁶⁰, R. Enficiaud ¹, L. Errico ^34,4, R. Espinosa¹⁷¹, M. Esposito ^4,34, R. C. Essick ¹⁹⁶, H. Estellés ¹, T. Etzel¹², M. Evans ³⁷, T. Evstafyeva¹⁸⁷, B. E. Ewing⁸, J. M. Ezquiaga ¹⁴⁹, F. Fabrizi ^66,67, V. Fafone ^22,23, S. Fairhurst ³⁵, X. Fan¹⁵³, A. M. Farah ¹³⁹, B. Farr ⁸², W. M. Farr ^197,198, M. Favata ¹⁹⁹, M. Fays ¹⁷², M. Fazio ⁶⁰, J. Feicht¹², M. M. Fejer⁹⁴, J.-N. Feldhusen ³⁰, E. Fenyvesi ^93,200, J. Fernandes²⁰¹, T. Fernandes ^202,146, D. Fernando¹¹⁵, S. Ferraiuolo ^203,41,40, T. A. Ferreira¹³, M. Ferrer ¹³⁸, F. Fidecaro ^86,85, P. Figura ¹⁰⁰, E. Finch ¹², A. Fiori ^85,86, I. Fiori ⁶⁸, M. Fishbach ¹⁹⁶, R. P. Fisher¹²², R. Fittipaldi ^204,142, V. Fiumara ^205,142, R. Flaminio³³, S. M. Fleischer ¹⁸¹, L. S. Fleming²⁰⁶, E. Floden¹⁹, H. Fong¹²¹, J. A. Font ^146,147, F. Fontinele-Nunes¹⁹, C. Foo¹, B. Fornal ²⁰⁷, P. W. F. Forsyth³⁶, K. Franceschetti¹⁸⁴, A. Franco-Ordovas¹², F. Frappez³³, S. Frasca^41,40, F. Frasconi ⁸⁵, J. P. Freed⁵⁰, Z. Frei ²⁰⁸, A. Freise ^39,113, O. Freitas ^202,146, R. Frey ⁸², W. Frischhertz⁶⁹, P. Fritschel³⁷, V. V. Frolov⁶⁹, M. Fuentes-Garcia ¹², S. Fujii²⁰⁹, T. Fujimori²¹⁰, P. Fulda⁴⁹, M. Fyffe⁶⁹, B. Gadre ⁷⁶, J. R. Gair ¹, S. Galaudage ¹⁹¹, V. Galdi²¹¹, R. Gamba⁸, A. Gamboa ¹, S. Gamoji²¹², A. Ganguly ⁸⁴, B. Garaventa ³¹, P. García Abia¹⁰², J. García-Bellido²¹³, C. García-Quirós ¹⁹⁵, J. W. Gardner ³⁶, S. Garg⁴⁵, J. Gargiulo ⁶⁸, X. Garrido ⁴³, A. Garron ¹³⁸, F. Garufi ^34,4, P. A. Garver⁹⁴, C. Gasbarra ^214,23, B. Gateley², F. Gautier ²¹⁵, V. Gayathri ¹¹, T. Gayer⁸³, G. Gemme ³¹, A. Gennai ⁸⁵, V. Gennari ¹⁰⁵, J. George¹⁰⁸, R. George ¹⁵⁷, O. Gerberding ³⁰, L. Gergely ¹⁶³, Archisman Ghosh ⁹⁹, Sayantan Ghosh²⁰¹, Shaon Ghosh ¹⁹⁹, Shrobana Ghosh^9,10, Suprovo Ghosh ²¹⁶, Tathagata Ghosh ⁸⁴, J. A. Giaime ^13,69, K. D. Giardina⁶⁹, D. R. Gibson²⁰⁶, C. Gier ⁶⁰, S. Gkaitatzis ^86,85, J. Glanzer ¹², F. Glotin ⁴³, J. Godfrey⁸², R. V. Godley^9,10, P. Godwin ¹², A. S. Goettel ³⁵, E. Goetz ¹²¹, J. Golomb¹², S. Gomez Lopez^41,40, G. González ¹³, P. Goodarzi ⁴⁶, S. Goode⁷, A. Goodwin-Jones ¹⁶, M. Gosselin⁶⁸, C. Gostiaux⁷⁰, R. Gouaty ³³, D. W. Gould ³⁶, K. Govorkova³⁷, A. Grado ^81,55, A. E. Granados ¹⁹, M. Granata ¹⁸⁰, V. Granata ^217,142, S. Gras³⁷, P. Grassia¹², C. Gray², R. Gray ⁹¹, G. Greco⁵⁵, A. C. Green ^39,113, L. Green ²¹⁸, S. M. Green⁷⁷, S. R. Green ²¹⁹, A. M. Gretarsson ⁵⁰, E. M. Gretarsson⁵⁰, H. K. Griffin¹⁹, D. Griffith¹², H. L. Griggs ⁶², G. Grignani^81,55, C. Grimaud ³³, H. Grote ³⁵, S. Grunewald ¹, D. Guerra ¹⁴⁶, A. G. Guerrero ¹³⁹, D. Guetta ²²⁰, G. M. Guidi ^66,67, T. Guidry², H. K. Gulati⁹⁸, F. Gulminelli ^177,178, A. M. Gunny³⁷, H. Guo ¹⁵³, W. Guo ⁶, Y. Guo ^39,38, Anuradha Gupta ²²¹, I. Gupta ⁸, N. C. Gupta⁹⁸, S. K. Gupta⁴⁹, V. Gupta ¹⁹, N. Gupte¹, J. Gurs³⁰, N. Gutierrez¹⁸⁰, N. Guttman⁷, F. Guzman ¹⁴¹, D. Haba²²², M. Haberland ¹, S. Haino²²³, E. D. Hall ³⁷, E. Z. Hamilton ¹³⁸, G. Hammond ⁹¹, M. Haney³⁹, J. Hanks ², C. Hanna ⁸, M. D. Hannam³⁵, O. A. Hannuksela ²²⁴, H. Hansen², J. Hanson⁶⁹, R. Harada⁴⁵, A. R. Hardison¹⁸⁶, S. Harikumar ¹⁰⁰, K. Haris²²⁵, I. Harley-Trochimczyk¹⁴¹, T. Harmark ¹⁴⁹, J. Harms ^47,48, G. M. Harry ²²⁶, I. W. Harry ⁷⁷, J. Hart¹¹⁰, M. T. Hartman ²¹, B. Haskell^100,227,228, C.-J. Haster ²¹⁸, K. Haughian ⁹¹, H. Hayakawa⁵⁴, K. Hayama²²⁹, A. Heffernan ¹³⁸, D. Hegde¹⁶, M. C. Heintze⁶⁹, J. Heinze ¹²⁶, J. Heinzel³⁷, H. Heitmann ¹²⁰, F. Hellman ⁹², A. F. Helmling-Cornell ⁸², G. Hemming ⁶⁸, O. Henderson-Sapir ¹²³, M. Hendry ⁹¹, I. S. Heng⁹¹, M. H. Hennig ⁹¹, C. Henshaw ⁶², M. Heurs ^9,10, A. L. Hewitt ^230,231, J. Heynen¹⁶, J. Heyns³⁷, S. Higginbotham³⁵, S. Hild^38,39, S. Hill⁹¹, Y. Himemoto ²³², N. Hirata²⁶, C. Hirose²³³, D. Hofman¹⁸⁰, B. E. Hogan⁵⁰, N. A. Holland^39,113, K. Holley-Bockelmann¹⁵², I. J. Hollows ¹⁷⁹, D. E. Holz ¹³⁹, L. Honet¹¹⁶, K. M. Hoops²¹², M. E. Hoque ²³⁴, D. J. Horton-Bailey⁹², J. Hough ⁹¹, S. Hourihane ¹², N. T. Howard¹⁵², E. J. Howell ⁶, C. G. Hoy ⁷⁷, C. A. Hrishikesh²², P. Hsi³⁷, H.-F. Hsieh ¹⁵⁶, H.-Y. Hsieh¹⁵⁶, C. Hsiung²³⁵, S.-H. Hsu²³⁶, W.-F. Hsu ¹⁰¹, Q. Hu ⁹¹, H. Y. Huang ¹⁵⁰, Y. Huang ⁸, Y. T. Huang⁸³, A. D. Huddart²³⁷, B. Hughey⁵⁰, V. Hui ³³, S. Husa ¹³⁸, L. Iampieri ^41,40, G. A. Iandolo ³⁸, M. Ianni^23,22, G. Iannone ¹⁴², J. Iascau⁸², K. Ide²³⁸, R. Iden²²², A. Ierardi^47,48, S. Ikeda¹⁵⁵, H. Imafuku ⁴⁵, Y. Inoue¹⁵⁰, G. Iorio ⁹⁶, P. Iosif ^190,52, J. Irwin ⁹¹, R. Ishikawa²³⁸, T. Ishikawa²³⁹, M. Isi ¹⁹⁸, K. S. Isleif ²⁴⁰, Y. Itoh ^210,241, S. Iwaguchi²³⁹, M. Iwaya²⁰⁹, B. R. Iyer ²⁵, C. D. Jackson⁴⁹, C. Jacquet¹⁰⁵, P.-E. Jacquet ¹³¹, T. Jacquot⁴³, S. J. Jadhav²⁴², S. P. Jadhav ¹⁴⁸, M. Jain¹⁴³, T. Jain²³⁰, A. L. James ¹², K. Jani ¹⁵², J. Janquart ¹⁶, N. N. Janthalur²⁴², S. Jaraba ²⁴³, P. Jaranowski ²⁴⁴, R. Jaume ¹³⁸, W. Javed³⁵, M. Jensen², W. Jia³⁷, J. Jiang ¹⁰⁴, H.-B. Jin ^245,246, G. R. Johns¹²², N. A. Johnson⁴⁹, N. K. Johnson-McDaniel ²²¹, R. Johnston⁹¹, N. Johny^9,10, D. H. Jones ³⁶, D. I. Jones²¹⁶, R. Jones⁹¹, H. E. Jose⁸², P. Joshi ⁶², S. K. Joshi ⁸⁴, G. Joubert⁶¹, J. Ju²⁴⁷, L. Ju ⁶, I. L. Juarez-Reyes⁸², K. Jung ²⁴⁸, J. Junker ³⁶, V. Juste¹¹⁶, H. B. Kabagoz ³⁷, T. Kajita ²⁰⁹, I. Kaku²¹⁰, V. Kalogera ¹¹⁸, M. Kalomenopoulos ²¹⁸, M. Kamiizumi ⁵⁴, N. Kanda ^241,210, S. Kandhasamy ⁸⁴, G. Kang ²⁴⁹, J. B. Kanner¹², S. A. KantiMahanty¹⁹, S. J. Kapadia ⁸⁴, D. P. Kapasi ⁵⁹, M. Karthikeyan¹⁴³, M. Kasprzack ¹², H. Kato¹⁶⁰, T. Kato²⁰⁹, E. Katsavounidis³⁷, W. Katzman⁶⁹, R. Kaushik ¹⁰⁸, K. Kawabe², R. Kawamoto²¹⁰, D. Keitel ¹³⁸, S. A. Kemper⁵⁷, L. J. Kemperman ¹²³, J. Kennington ⁸, F. A. Kerkow¹⁹, R. Kesharwani ⁸⁴, J. S. Key ²⁵⁰, R. Khadela^9,10, S. Khadka⁹⁴, S. S. Khadkikar⁸, F. Y. Khalili ¹¹⁴, F. Khan ^9,10, T. Khanam¹⁷⁰, M. Khursheed¹⁰⁸, N. M. Khusid ^197,198, W. Kiendrebeogo ^120,251, N. Kijbunchoo ¹²³, C. Kim ²⁵², J. C. Kim²⁵³, K. Kim ²⁵⁴, M. H. Kim ²⁴⁷, S. Kim ²⁵⁵, Y.-M. Kim ²⁵⁴, C. Kimball ¹¹⁸, K. Kimes⁵⁹, M. Kinnear³⁵, J. S. Kissel ², S. Klimenko⁴⁹, A. M. Knee ¹²¹, E. J. Knox⁸², N. Knust ^9,10, K. Kobayashi ²⁰⁹, S. M. Koehlenbeck ⁹⁴, G. Koekoek^39,38, K. Kohri ²⁵⁶, K. Kokeyama ^35,239, S. Koley ^47,172, P. Kolitsidou ¹²⁶, A. E. Koloniari ²⁵⁷, K. Komori ^44,45, K. Kompanets¹⁹, A. K. H. Kong ¹⁵⁶, A. Kontos ²⁵⁸, K. Kopczuk¹¹⁰, L. M. Koponen¹²⁶, M. Korobko ³⁰, X. Kou¹⁹, A. Koushik ²⁴, N. Kouvatsos ⁷², M. Kovalam⁶, T. Koyama¹⁶⁰, D. B. Kozak¹², E. Kraja ⁶⁸, S. L. Kranzhoff^38,39, V. Kringel^9,10, N. V. Krishnendu ¹²⁶, S. Kroker²⁵⁹, A. Królak ^260,192, K. Kruska^9,10, J. Kubisz ²⁶¹, G. Kuehn^9,10, A. Kulur Ramamohan³⁶, Achal Kumar⁴⁹, Anil Kumar²⁴², Praveen Kumar ¹⁸³, Prayush Kumar ²⁵, Rahul Kumar², Rakesh Kumar⁹⁸, Saurabh Kumar ⁶³, J. Kume ^262,263,45, K. Kuns ³⁷, N. Kuntimaddi³⁵, S. Kuroyanagi ^264,265, S. Kuwahara ⁴⁵, K. Kwak ²⁴⁸, K. Kwan³⁶, S. Kwon ⁴⁵, G. Lacaille⁹¹, D. Laghi ¹⁹⁵, A. H. Laity¹³⁰, A. Lakhal¹³¹, E. Lalande²⁶⁶, M. Lalleman ²⁴, S. Lalvani¹¹⁸, M. Landry², R. N. Lang ³⁷, J. Lange¹⁵⁷, R. Langgin ²¹⁸, B. Lantz ⁹⁴, I. La Rosa ¹³⁸, A. Lartaux-Vollard ⁴³, P. D. Lasky ⁷, L. Lavezzi²⁹, J. Lawrence ¹⁷¹, M. Laxen ⁶⁹, C. Lazarte ¹⁴⁶, A. Lazzarini ¹², C. Lazzaro^267,164, P. Leaci ^41,40, L. Leali¹⁹, Y. K. Lecoeuche ¹²¹, H. W. Lee ²⁶⁸, J. Lee⁸³, K. Lee ²⁴⁷, R.-K. Lee ¹⁵⁶, R. Lee³⁷, Sungho Lee ²⁶⁹, Sunjae Lee²⁴⁷, Y. Lee¹⁵⁰, Y. S. C. Lee ¹³², I. N. Legred¹², J. Lehmann^9,10, L. Lehner¹⁸⁷, M. Le Jean ^180,124, A. Lemaître²⁷⁰, M. Lenti ^67,182, M. Leonardi ^79,80,271, M. Lequime⁴², N. Leroy ⁴³, M. Lesovsky¹², N. Letendre³³, M. Lethuillier ⁶¹, S. E. Levin⁴⁶, Y. Levin⁷, S. Lexmond¹¹³, K. Leyde⁷⁷, K. L. Li ²⁷², T. G. F. Li¹⁰¹, X. Li ¹⁵⁸, Y. Li¹¹⁸, Z. Li⁹¹, Q. Liang¹⁵³, A. Lihos¹²², E. T. Lin ¹⁵⁶, F. Lin¹⁵⁰, L. C.-C. Lin ²⁷², Y.-C. Lin ¹⁵⁶, C. Lindsay²⁰⁶, S. D. Linker²¹², A. Liu ²²⁴, G. C. Liu ²⁷³, Jian Liu ⁶, S. Liu¹⁵³, F. Llamas Villarreal¹⁷¹, J. Llobera-Querol ¹³⁸, R. K. L. Lo ¹⁴⁹, J.-P. Locquet¹⁰¹, S. C. G. Loggins²⁷⁴, M. R. Loizou¹⁴³, L. T. London^72,37, A. Longo ^66,67, D. Lopez ¹⁷², M. Lopez Portilla⁷⁶, A. Lorenzo-Medina ¹⁸³, V. Loriette⁴³, M. Lormand⁶⁹, G. Losurdo ^188,85, E. Lotti¹⁴³, T. P. Lott, IV⁶², J. D. Lough ^9,10, H. A. Loughlin ³⁷, C. O. Lousto ¹¹⁵, N. K. Y. Low¹³², N. Lu ³⁶, L. Lucchesi ⁸⁵, H. Lück^9,10, O. Lukina ³⁷, D. Lumaca ²³, A. P. Lundgren ^275,276, L. Lunghini ^68,34,4, A. W. Lussier ²⁶⁶, S. Ma ¹⁸⁷, X. Ma⁴⁶, D. M. Macleod ³⁵, I. A. O. MacMillan ¹², A. Macquet ⁴³, S. S. Madekar ¹⁴⁰, K. Maeda¹⁶⁰, S. Maenaut ¹⁰¹, S. S. Magare⁸⁴, R. M. Magee ¹², E. Maggio ¹, R. Maggiore^39,113, M. Magnozzi ^31,32, P. Mahapatra ³⁵, M. Mahesh³⁰, S. Majhi⁸⁴, E. Majorana^41,40, C. N. Makarem¹², E. Makelele¹¹⁰, D. Malakar ¹¹¹, J. A. Malaquias-Reis²⁰, U. Mali ¹⁹⁶, S. Maliakal¹², A. Malik¹⁰⁸, L. Mallick ^173,196, A.-K. Malz ⁶⁴, N. Man¹²⁰, M. Mancarella ¹⁰³, V. Mandic ¹⁹, V. Mangano ^193,164, B. Mannix⁸², G. L. Mansell ^83,37, M. Manske ¹¹, M. Mantovani ⁶⁸, M. Mapelli ^96,97,277, S. Marchetti ^96,97, C. Marinelli ¹⁰⁶, F. Marion ³³, A. S. Markosyan⁹⁴, A. Markowitz¹², E. Maros¹², S. Marsat ¹⁰⁵, F. Martelli ^66,67, I. W. Martin ⁹¹, R. M. Martin ¹⁹⁹, B. B. Martinez¹⁴¹, D. A. Martinez⁵⁹, M. Martinez^140,278, V. Martinez ¹³⁷, A. Martini^79,80, J. C. Martins ²⁰, D. V. Martynov¹²⁶, E. J. Marx³⁷, L. Massaro^38,39, A. Masserot³³, M. Masso-Reid ⁹¹, T. Masters¹¹⁰, S. Mastrogiovanni ⁴⁰, G. Mastropasqua⁷⁸, T. Matcovich ⁵⁵, M. Matiushechkina ^9,10, A. Matte-Landry²⁶⁶, L. Maurin²¹⁵, N. Mavalvala ³⁷, N. Maxwell², G. McCarrol⁶⁹, R. McCarthy², D. E. McClelland ³⁶, S. McCormick⁶⁹, L. McCuller ¹², L. I. McDermott¹²⁸, S. McEachin¹²², C. McElhenny¹²², G. I. McGhee ⁹¹, K. B. M. McGowan ¹⁵², J. McIver ¹²¹, A. McLeod ⁶, T. McRae³⁶, R. McTeague ⁹¹, D. Meacher ¹¹, B. N. Meagher⁸³, R. Mechum¹¹⁵, Q. Meijer⁷⁶, A. Melatos ¹³², C. S. Menoni ¹⁷⁶, F. Mera², R. A. Mercer ¹¹, L. Mereni¹⁸⁰, K. Merfeld ¹⁷⁰, E. L. Merilh⁶⁹, G. Merino ¹⁰², J. R. Mérou ¹³⁸, J. D. Merritt⁸², M. Merzougui¹²⁰, C. Messick ¹¹, B. Mestichelli⁴⁷, M. Meyer-Conde ²⁷⁹, F. Meylahn ^9,10, A. Mhaske⁸⁴, A. Miani ^79,80, H. Miao²⁸⁰, I. Michaloliakos ⁴⁹, C. Michel ¹⁸⁰, Y. Michimura ^12,45, H. Middleton ¹²⁶, D. P. Mihaylov ¹¹⁰, S. J. Miller ¹², M. Millhouse ⁶², E. Milotti ^190,52, V. Milotti ⁹⁶, Y. Minenkov²³, E. M. Minihan⁵⁰, Ll. M. Mir ¹⁴⁰, L. Mirasola ^164,267, C.-A. Miritescu ¹⁴⁰, A. Mishra²⁵, C. Mishra ¹¹², T. Mishra ⁴⁹, A. L. Mitchell^39,113, J. G. Mitchell⁵⁰, O. Mitchem⁸², S. Mitra ⁸⁴, V. P. Mitrofanov ¹¹⁴, K. Mitsuhashi²⁶, R. Mittleman³⁷, O. Miyakawa ⁵⁴, S. Miyoki ⁵⁴, G. Mo ³⁷, L. Mobilia ^66,67, S. R. P. Mohapatra¹², S. R. Mohite ⁸, M. Molina-Ruiz ⁹², M. Mondin²¹², M. Montani ^66,67, C. J. Moore²³⁰, D. Moraru², A. More ⁸⁴, S. More ⁸⁴, C. Moreno ²⁸¹, E. A. Moreno ³⁷, G. Moreno², A. Moreso Serra⁸⁷, C. Morgan³⁵, S. Morisaki ²⁰⁹, Y. Moriwaki ¹⁶⁰, G. Morras ²¹³, A. Moscatello ⁹⁶, M. Mould ³⁷, B. Mours ⁷⁰, C. M. Mow-Lowry ^39,113, L. Muccillo ^182,67, F. Muciaccia ^41,40, Arunava Mukherjee ²³⁴, D. Mukherjee ¹²⁶, Samanwaya Mukherjee²⁵, Soma Mukherjee¹⁷¹, Subroto Mukherjee⁹⁸, Suvodip Mukherjee ¹⁴, N. Mukund ³⁷, A. Mullavey⁶⁹, A. R. Muller ⁹¹, C. L. Mungioli⁶, M. Murakoshi²³⁸, P. G. Murray ⁹¹, D. Nabari ^79,80, S. L. Nadji^9,10, S. Nadji ¹⁸⁰, A. Nagar^29,282, N. Nagarajan ⁹¹, K. Nakagaki⁵⁴, K. Nakamura ²⁶, H. Nakano ²⁸³, M. Nakano¹², D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze ¹⁴⁰, D. Nandi¹³, V. Napolano⁶⁸, S. U. Naqvi ¹¹², P. Narayan ²²¹, I. Nardecchia ²³, T. Narikawa²⁰⁹, H. Narola⁷⁶, L. Naticchioni ^284,40, R. K. Nayak ²⁸⁵, J. Neeson³⁵, L. Negri⁷⁶, A. Nela ⁹¹, C. Nelle⁸², A. Nelson ¹⁴¹, T. J. N. Nelson⁶⁹, A. Nemmani ¹⁰⁰, M. Nery^9,10, A. Neunzert ², M. Newell¹⁷, S. Ng ⁵⁹, L. Nguyen Quynh²⁸⁶, A. B. Nielsen ²⁸⁷, Y. Nishino ^26,288, A. Nishizawa ²⁸⁹, S. Nissanke^290,39, W. Niu ⁸, F. Nocera⁶⁸, J. Noller ²⁹¹, M. Norman³⁵, C. North³⁵, J. Novak ^243,292, R. Nowicki ¹⁵², J. F. Nuño Siles²¹³, G. Nurbek¹⁷¹, L. K. Nuttall ⁷⁷, K. Obayashi²³⁸, J. Oberling ², C. E. Ochoa⁴⁶, J. O’Dell²³⁷, M. Oertel ^243,292, G. Oganesyan^47,48, T. O’Hanlon⁶⁹, M. Ohashi ^54,279, F. Ohme ^9,10, I. Oke⁶⁰, R. Omer¹⁹, B. O’Neal¹²², M. Onishi¹⁶⁰, K. Oohara ^293,294, B. O’Reilly ⁶⁹, M. Orselli ^55,81, R. O’Shaughnessy ¹¹⁵, S. Oshino ⁵⁴, C. Osthelder¹², I. Ota ¹³, G. Othman²⁴⁰, D. J. Ottaway ¹²³, A. Ouzriat⁶¹, H. Overmier⁶⁹, B. J. Owen ¹⁰⁹, R. Ozaki²³⁸, A. E. Pace ⁸, R. Pagano ¹³, M. A. Page ²⁶, A. Pai ²⁰¹, L. Paiella⁴⁷, A. Pal²⁹⁵, S. Pal ²⁸⁵, M. A. Palaia ^85,86, M. Pálfi²⁰⁸, P. P. Palma^41,22,23, C. Palomba ⁴⁰, P. Palud ²¹, H. Pan¹⁵⁶, J. Pan⁶, K.-C. Pan ¹⁵⁶, P. K. Panda²⁴², Shiksha Pandey ⁸, Swadha Pandey ³⁷, P. T. H. Pang^39,76, F. Pannarale ^41,40, K. A. Pannone⁵⁹, B. C. Pant¹⁰⁸, F. H. Panther⁶, M. Panzeri^66,67, F. Paoletti ⁸⁵, A. Paolone ^40,296, A. Papadopoulos ⁹¹, E. E. Papalexakis⁴⁶, L. Papalini ^85,86, G. Papigkiotis ²⁵⁷, A. Paquis⁴³, A. Parisi ^81,55, B.-J. Park²⁶⁹, J. Park ²⁹⁷, W. Parker ⁶⁹, G. Pascale^9,10, D. Pascucci ⁹⁹, A. Pasqualetti ⁶⁸, R. Passaquieti ^86,85, L. Passenger⁷, D. Passuello⁸⁵, O. Patane ², A. V. Patel ¹⁵⁰, D. Pathak⁸⁴, A. Patra³⁵, B. Patricelli ^86,85, B. G. Patterson³⁵, K. Paul ¹¹², S. Paul ⁸², E. Payne ¹², T. Pearce³⁵, M. Pedraza¹², A. Pele ¹², F. E. Peña Arellano²⁹⁸, X. Peng¹²⁶, Y. Peng ⁶², S. Penn ^299,83, M. D. Penuliar⁵⁹, A. Perego ^79,80, Z. Pereira¹⁴³, C. Périgois ^300,97,96, G. Perna ⁹⁶, A. Perreca ^47,48, J. Perret ²¹, S. Perriès ⁶¹, J. W. Perry^39,113, S. Peters¹⁷², S. Petracca²¹¹, C. Petrillo⁸¹, H. P. Pfeiffer ¹, H. Pham⁶⁹, K. A. Pham ¹⁹, K. S. Phukon ¹²⁶, H. Phurailatpam²²⁴, M. Piarulli¹⁰⁵, L. Piccari ^41,40, O. J. Piccinni ³⁶, M. Pichot ¹²⁰, A. Pied⁹¹, M. Piendibene ^86,85, F. Piergiovanni ^66,67, L. Pierini ⁴⁰, G. Pierra ⁴⁰, V. Pierro ^301,142, M. Pietrzak¹⁰⁰, M. Pillas ³⁰², L. Pinard ¹⁸⁰, I. M. Pinto ^{301,142,303,34}, M. Pinto ⁶⁸, B. J. Piotrzkowski ¹¹, M. Pirello², M. D. Pitkin ^230,91, A. Placidi ⁵⁵, E. Placidi ^41,40, M. L. Planas ¹³⁸, W. Plastino ^217,23, C. Plunkett ³⁷, R. Poggiani ^86,85, E. Polini ¹²⁰, J. Pomper^85,86, L. Pompili ¹, J. Poon²²⁴, E. Porcelli³⁹, A. S. Porter¹⁰⁹, E. K. Porter²¹, C. Posnansky ⁸, R. Poulton ⁶⁸, J. Powell ¹⁴⁸, G. S. Prabhu⁸⁴, M. Pracchia ¹⁷², B. K. Pradhan ⁸⁴, T. Pradier ⁷⁰, A. K. Prajapati⁹⁸, K. Prasai ³⁰⁴, R. Prasanna²⁴², P. Prasia³⁰⁵, G. Pratten ¹²⁶, A. Praveen¹⁹⁶, G. Principe ^190,52, G. A. Prodi ^79,80, P. Prosperi⁸⁵, P. Prosposito^22,23, A. Puecher ¹, J. Pullin ¹³, P. Puppo⁴⁰, M. Pürrer ¹³⁰, H. Qi ¹⁷, M. Qiao ¹⁵³, J. Qin ³⁶, G. Quéméner ^178,124, V. Quetschke¹⁷¹, P. J. Quinonez⁵⁰, R. Rading ²⁴⁰, I. Rainho¹⁴⁶, S. Raja¹⁰⁸, C. Rajan¹⁰⁸, B. Rajbhandari ¹¹⁵, K. E. Ramirez ⁶⁹, F. A. Ramis Vidal¹³⁸, M. Ramos Arevalo¹⁷¹, A. Ramos-Buades ^138,39, S. Ranjan ⁶², M. Ranjbar⁴⁶, K. Ransom⁶⁹, P. Rapagnani ^41,40, B. Ratto⁵⁰, A. Ravichandran¹⁴³, A. Ray ¹¹⁸, V. Raymond ³⁵, M. Razzano ^86,85, J. Read⁵⁹, J. Regan ²¹⁸, T. Regimbau³³, T. Reichardt¹⁴⁸, S. Reid⁶⁰, C. Reissel³⁷, D. H. Reitze ¹², A. I. Renzini ^12,135,136, B. Revenu ^306,43, A. Revilla Peña⁸⁷, L. Ricca ¹⁶, F. Ricci ^41,40, M. Ricci ^40,41, A. Ricciardone ^86,85, J. Rice⁸³, J. W. Richardson ⁴⁶, M. L. Richardson ¹²³, A. Rijal⁵⁰, K. Riles ⁹⁵, H. K. Riley³⁵, S. Rinaldi ²⁷⁷, J. Rittmeyer³⁰, C. Robertson²³⁷, F. Robinet⁴³, M. Robinson², A. Rocchi ²³, L. Rolland ³³, J. G. Rollins ¹², A. E. Romano ³⁰⁷, R. Romano ^3,4, A. Romero-Rodríguez³³, I. M. Romero-Shaw²³⁰, J. H. Romie⁶⁹, S. Ronchini ⁸, T. J. Roocke ¹²³, L. Rosa^4,34, T. J. Rosauer⁴⁶, C. A. Rose⁶², D. Rosińska ¹³³, M. P. Ross ⁵⁷, M. Rossello-Sastre ¹³⁸, S. Rowan ⁹¹, K. Rowlands¹⁸⁶, S. K. Roy ^197,198, S. Roy ¹⁶, D. Rozza ^135,136, P. Ruggi⁶⁸, N. Ruhama²⁴⁸, G. H. Ruiz²⁷⁴, E. Ruiz Morales^308,213, K. Ruiz-Rocha¹⁵², V. Russ¹⁸¹, S. Sachdev ⁶², T. Sadecki², P. Saffarieh ^39,113, S. Safi-Harb ¹⁷³, M. R. Sah ¹⁴, S. Saha ¹⁵⁶, T. Sainrat ⁷⁰, S. Sajith Menon^220,41,40, K. Sakai³⁰⁹, Y. Sakai ²⁷⁹, M. Sakellariadou ⁷², S. Sakon ⁸, O. S. Salafia ^166,136,135, F. Salces-Carcoba ¹², L. Salconi⁶⁸, M. Saleem ¹⁵⁷, F. Salemi ^41,40, M. Sallé ³⁹, S. U. Salunkhe⁸⁴, S. Salvador ^178,177, A. Salvarese¹⁵⁷, A. Samajdar ^76,39, A. Sanchez², E. J. Sanchez¹², N. Sanchis-Gual ¹⁴⁶, J. R. Sanders¹⁸⁶, E. M. Sänger ¹, F. Santoliquido ^47,48, F. Sarandrea²⁹, T. R. Saravanan⁸⁴, N. Sarin⁷, P. Sarkar ^9,10, A. Sasli ^19,257, P. Sassi ^55,81, B. Sassolas ¹⁸⁰, B. S. Sathyaprakash ^8,35, R. Sato²³³, S. Sato¹⁶⁰, Yukino Sato¹⁶⁰, Yu Sato¹⁶⁰, O. Sauter ⁴⁹, R. L. Savage ², T. Sawada ⁵⁴, H. L. Sawant⁸⁴, S. Sayah¹⁸⁰, V. Scacco^22,23, D. Schaetzl¹², M. Scheel¹⁵⁸, A. Schiebelbein¹⁹⁶, M. G. Schiworski ⁸³, P. Schmidt ¹²⁶, S. Schmidt ⁷⁶, R. Schnabel ³⁰, M. Schneewind^9,10, R. M. S. Schofield^82,2, K. Schouteden ¹⁰¹, B. W. Schulte^9,10, M. Schulz^47,48, B. F. Schutz^35,9,10, E. Schwartz ³¹⁰, M. Scialpi ³¹¹, J. Scott ⁹¹, S. M. Scott ³⁶, R. M. Sedas ⁶⁹, T. C. Seetharamu⁹¹, M. Seglar-Arroyo ¹⁴⁰, Y. Sekiguchi ³¹², D. Sellers⁶⁹, N. Sembo²¹⁰, A. S. Sengupta ³¹³, E. G. Seo ⁹¹, J. W. Seo ¹⁰¹, V. Sequino^34,4, M. Serra ⁴⁰, A. Sevrin¹⁹⁴, T. Shaffer², U. S. Shah ⁶², M. A. Shaikh ³¹⁴, L. Shao ³¹⁵, J. Sharkey⁹¹, A. K. Sharma ¹³⁸, Preeti Sharma¹³, Priyanka Sharma¹⁰⁸, Ritwik Sharma¹⁹, Sushant Sharma-Chaudhary¹⁹, P. Shawhan ¹³⁴, N. S. Shcheblanov ^316,270, E. Sheridan¹⁵², Z.-H. Shi¹⁵⁶, R. Shimomura³¹⁷, H. Shinkai ³¹⁷, S. Shirke⁸⁴, D. H. Shoemaker ³⁷, D. M. Shoemaker ¹⁵⁷, R. W. Short², S. ShyamSundar¹⁰⁸, A. Sider¹⁶⁵, H. Siegel ^197,198, V. Sierra²⁸¹, D. Sigg ², L. Silenzi ^38,39, L. Silvestri ^41,175, M. Simmonds¹²³, L. P. Singer ³¹⁸, Amitesh Singh²²¹, Anika Singh¹², D. Singh ⁹², M. K. Singh ³⁵, N. Singh ¹³⁸, S. Singh ^222,26, M. R. Sinha ⁷, A. M. Sintes ¹³⁸, V. Sipala^193,164, V. Skliris ³⁵, B. J. J. Slagmolen ³⁶, T. J. Slaven-Blair⁶, J. Smetana¹²⁶, D. A. Smith⁶⁹, J. R. Smith ⁵⁹, L. Smith^190,52, R. J. E. Smith ⁷, W. J. Smith ¹⁵², S. Soares de Albuquerque Filho⁶⁶, K. Somiya ²²², I. Song ¹⁵⁶, S. Soni ³⁷, V. Sordini ⁶¹, F. Sorrentino³¹, H. Sotani ³¹⁹, F. Spada ⁸⁵, V. Spagnuolo ³⁹, A. P. Spencer ⁹¹, P. Spinicelli ⁶⁸, A. K. Srivastava⁹⁸, F. Stachurski ⁹¹, C. J. Stark¹²², D. A. Steer ³²⁰, N. Steinle ¹⁷³, J. Steinlechner^38,39, S. Steinlechner ^38,39, N. Stergioulas ²⁵⁷, P. Stevens⁴³, M. StPierre¹³⁰, M. D. Strong¹³, A. Strunk², A. L. Stuver ^107,†, M. Suchenek¹⁰⁰, S. Sudhagar ¹⁰⁰, Y. Sudo²³⁸, N. Sueltmann³⁰, L. Suleiman ⁵⁹, K. D. Sullivan¹³, J. Sun ^253,249, L. Sun ³⁶, S. Sunil⁹⁸, J. Suresh ¹²⁰, B. J. Sutton⁷², P. J. Sutton ³⁵, K. Suzuki²²², M. Suzuki ²⁰⁹, A. Svizzeretto ⁸¹, S. Swain ¹²⁶, B. L. Swinkels ³⁹, A. Syx ¹²⁴, M. J. Szczepańczyk ¹⁴⁴, P. Szewczyk ¹³³, M. Tacca ³⁹, M. Tagliazucchi ^127,78, H. Tagoshi ²⁰⁹, S. C. Tait ¹², K. Takada²⁰⁹, H. Takahashi ²⁷⁹, R. Takahashi ²⁶, A. Takamori ⁵⁸, S. Takano ^9,10, H. Takeda ^321,322, K. Takeshita²²², I. Takimoto Schmiegelow^47,48, M. Takou-Ayaoh⁸³, C. Talbot¹³⁹, M. Tamaki²⁰⁹, N. Tamanini ¹⁰⁵, D. Tanabe¹⁵⁰, K. Tanaka⁵⁴, S. J. Tanaka ²³⁸, S. Tanioka ³⁵, D. B. Tanner⁴⁹, W. Tanner^9,10, L. Tao ⁴⁶, R. D. Tapia⁸, E. N. Tapia San Martín³⁹, C. Taranto^22,23, A. Taruya ³²³, J. D. Tasson ¹⁶², J. G. Tau ¹¹⁵, A. Tejera¹⁷⁰, R. Tenorio ¹³⁸, H. Themann²¹², A. Theodoropoulos ¹⁴⁶, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam⁸⁴, L. M. Thomas ¹², M. Thomas⁶⁹, P. Thomas², J. E. Thompson ²¹⁶, S. R. Thondapu¹⁰⁸, K. A. Thorne⁶⁹, E. Thrane ⁷, J. Tissino ^47,48, A. Tiwari⁸⁴, Pawan Tiwari⁴⁷, Praveer Tiwari²⁰¹, S. Tiwari ¹⁹⁵, V. Tiwari ¹²⁶, E. M. Todd ⁹¹, M. R. Todd ⁸³, E. Tofani ⁴⁰, M. Toffano⁹⁶, A. M. Toivonen ¹⁹, K. Toland ⁹¹, A. E. Tolley ⁷⁷, T. Tomaru ²⁶, V. Tommasini¹², T. Tomura ⁵⁴, H. Tong ⁷, C. Tong-Yu¹⁵⁰, A. Torres-Forné ^146,147, C. I. Torrie¹², I. Tosta e Melo³²⁴, E. Tournefier ³³, M. Trad Nery¹²⁰, A. Trapananti ^56,55, R. Travaglini ⁷⁸, F. Travasso ^56,55, G. Traylor⁶⁹, M. Trevor¹³⁴, M. C. Tringali ⁶⁸, A. Tripathee ⁹⁵, G. Troian ^190,52, A. Trovato ^190,52, L. Trozzo⁴, R. J. Trudeau¹², T. Tsang ³⁵, S. Tsuchida ³²⁵, K. Tsuji ²³⁹, L. Tsukada ²¹⁸, K. Turbang ^194,24, M. Turconi ¹²⁰, C. Turski⁹⁹, H. Ubach ^87,88, A. S. Ubhi ¹²⁶, N. Uchikata ²⁰⁹, T. Uchiyama ⁵⁴, R. P. Udall ¹²¹, T. Uehara ³²⁶, K. Ueno ⁴⁵, V. Undheim ²⁸⁷, L. E. Uronen ²²⁴, T. Ushiba ⁵⁴, M. Vacatello ^85,86, H. Vahlbruch ^9,10, G. Vajente ¹², J. Valencia ¹³⁸, M. Valentini ^113,39, E. Vallejo-Pagès ¹⁴⁰, S. A. Vallejo-Peña ³⁰⁷, S. Vallero²⁹, M. van Dael ^39,327, E. Van den Bossche ¹⁹⁴, J. F. J. van den Brand ^38,113,39, C. Van Den Broeck^76,39, M. van der Kolk¹¹³, M. van der Sluys ^39,76, A. Van de Walle⁴³, J. van Dongen ³⁹, K. Vandra¹⁰⁷, M. VanDyke¹²⁸, H. van Haevermaet ²⁴, J. V. van Heijningen ^39,113, P. Van Hove ⁷⁰, J. Vanier²⁶⁶, J. Vanosky², N. van Remortel ²⁴, M. Vardaro^38,39, A. F. Vargas ¹³², V. Varma ¹⁴³, A. Vecchio ¹²⁶, G. Vedovato⁹⁷, J. Veitch ⁹¹, P. J. Veitch ¹²³, S. Venikoudis¹⁶, J. Venneberg ³⁷, R. C. Venterea ¹⁹, P. Verdier ⁶¹, M. Vereecken¹⁶, D. Verkindt ³³, B. Verma¹⁴³, Y. Verma ¹⁰⁸, S. M. Vermeulen ¹², F. Vetrano⁶⁶, A. Veutro ^40,41, A. Viceré ^66,67, S. Vidyant⁸³, A. D. Viets ³²⁸, A. Vijaykumar ¹⁹⁶, A. Vilkha¹¹⁵, N. Villanueva Espinosa¹⁴⁶, V. Villa-Ortega ¹⁸³, E. T. Vincent ⁶², J.-Y. Vinet¹²⁰, S. Viret⁶¹, S. Vitale ³⁷, A. Vives⁸², L. Vizmeg¹⁸¹, H. Vocca ^81,55, D. Voigt ³⁰, E. R. G. von Reis², J. S. A. von Wrangel^9,10, W. E. Vossius²⁴⁰, L. Vujeva ¹⁴⁹, S. P. Vyatchanin ¹¹⁴, J. Wack¹², L. E. Wade¹¹⁰, M. Wade ¹¹⁰, K. J. Wagner ¹¹⁵, L. Wallace¹², E. J. Wang⁹⁴, H. Wang ²²², W. H. Wang¹⁷¹, Y. F. Wang ¹, Z. Wang¹⁵³, G. Waratkar ²⁰¹, R. L. Ward³⁶, J. Warner², M. Was ³³, T. Washimi ²⁶, N. Y. Washington¹², B. Weaver², S. A. Webster⁹¹, N. L. Weickhardt ³⁰, M. Weinert^9,10, A. J. Weinstein ¹², R. Weiss^37,‡, L. Wen ⁶, K. Wette ³⁶, C. Wheeler⁶⁹, J. T. Whelan ¹¹⁵, B. F. Whiting ⁴⁹, C. Whittall ¹²⁶, E. G. Wickens⁷⁷, D. Wilken ^9,10, B. M. Williams¹²⁸, D. Williams ⁹¹, M. J. Williams ⁷⁷, N. S. Williams ¹, J. L. Willis ¹², B. Willke ^9,10, M. Wils ¹⁰¹, L. Wilson¹¹⁰, C. W. Winborn¹¹¹, J. Winterflood⁶, C. C. Wipf¹², G. Woan ⁹¹, J. Woehler^38,39, N. E. Wolfe³⁷, H. T. Wong ¹⁵⁰, I. C. F. Wong ¹⁰¹, K. Wong¹⁹⁶, T. Wouters^76,39, J. L. Wright², M. Wright ^91,76, B. Wu ⁸³, C. Wu ¹⁵⁶, D. S. Wu ^9,10, H. Wu ¹⁵⁶, K. Wu¹²⁸, Q. Wu⁵⁷, Z. Wu ¹⁰⁵, E. Wuchner⁵⁹, D. M. Wysocki ¹¹, V. A. Xu ⁹², Y. Xu ¹³⁸, N. Yadav ²⁹, H. Yamamoto ¹², K. Yamamoto ¹⁶⁰, T. S. Yamamoto ⁴⁵, T. Yamamoto ⁵⁴, R. Yamazaki ²³⁸, T. Yan¹²⁶, H. Yang²⁸⁰, K. Z. Yang ¹⁹, Y. Yang ¹⁶¹, Z. Yarbrough ¹³, J. Yebana ¹³⁸, S.-W. Yeh¹⁵⁶, A. B. Yelikar ¹⁵², X. Yin³⁷, J. Yokoyama ^329,45,44, T. Yokozawa⁵⁴, S. Yuan⁶, H. Yuzurihara ⁵⁴, M. Zanolin⁵⁰, M. Zeeshan ¹¹⁵, T. Zelenova⁶⁸, J.-P. Zendri⁹⁷, M. Zeoli ¹⁶, M. Zerrad⁴², M. Zevin ¹¹⁸, H. Zhang¹⁵³, L. Zhang¹², N. Zhang⁶², R. Zhang ¹⁰⁴, T. Zhang¹²⁶, C. Zhao ⁶, Yue Zhao¹⁶⁹, Yuhang Zhao²¹, Z.-C. Zhao ³³⁰, Y. Zheng ¹¹¹, H. Zhong ¹⁹, H. Zhou⁸³, H. O. Zhu⁶, Z.-H. Zhu ^330,331, Z. Zhu ¹¹⁵, A. B. Zimmerman ¹⁵⁷, L. Zimmermann⁶¹, and M. E. Zucker ^37,12 (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration)

¹Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
²LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
³Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁴INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
⁵University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
⁶OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
⁷OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
⁸The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁹Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹⁰Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹¹University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
¹²LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹³Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
¹⁴Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
¹⁵Centre de Physique Théorique, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
¹⁶Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
¹⁷Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
¹⁸University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
¹⁹University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
²⁰Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
²¹Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
²²Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²³INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²⁴Universiteit Antwerpen, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
²⁵International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
²⁶Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁷Advanced Technology Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁸Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
²⁹INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
³⁰Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
³¹INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³²Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³³Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
³⁴Università di Napoli “Federico II”, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁵Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
³⁶OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
³⁷LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
³⁸Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
³⁹Nikhef, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
⁴⁰INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
⁴¹Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma, Italy
⁴²Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, F-13013 Marseille, France
⁴³Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
⁴⁴Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
⁴⁵Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
⁴⁶University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
⁴⁷Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
⁴⁸INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
⁴⁹University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
⁵⁰Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA
⁵¹Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
⁵²INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
⁵³Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
⁵⁴Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
⁵⁵INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁵⁶Università di Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
⁵⁷University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
⁵⁸Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
⁵⁹California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
⁶⁰SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
⁶¹Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁶²Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁶³Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India
⁶⁴Royal Holloway, University of London, London TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
⁶⁵Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
⁶⁶Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
⁶⁷INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
⁶⁸European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
⁶⁹LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
⁷⁰Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
⁷¹Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁷²King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
⁷³Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
⁷⁴International College, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
⁷⁵Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
⁷⁶Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
⁷⁷University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
⁷⁸Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bologna, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2–40127 Bologna, Italy
⁷⁹Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁸⁰INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁸¹Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁸²University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
⁸³Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
⁸⁴Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
⁸⁵INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸⁶Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸⁷Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁸Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁹Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, c. Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
⁹⁰Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
⁹¹IGR, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
⁹²University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁹³HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
⁹⁴Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
⁹⁵University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁹⁶Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹⁷INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹⁸Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
⁹⁹Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
¹⁰⁰Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
¹⁰¹Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
¹⁰²Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
¹⁰³Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France
¹⁰⁴Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
¹⁰⁵Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
¹⁰⁶Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, I-53100 Siena, Italy
¹⁰⁷Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
¹⁰⁸RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
¹⁰⁹University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
¹¹⁰Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
¹¹¹Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
¹¹²Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
¹¹³Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹¹⁴Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
¹¹⁵Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
¹¹⁶Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
¹¹⁷Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
¹¹⁸Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
¹¹⁹Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
¹²⁰Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Artemis, F-06304 Nice, France
¹²¹University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
¹²²Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
¹²³OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
¹²⁴Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 75016 Paris, France
¹²⁵Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
¹²⁶University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
¹²⁷DIFA- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33–40126 Bologna, Italy
¹²⁸Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
¹²⁹Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
¹³⁰University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
¹³¹Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
¹³²OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
¹³³Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
¹³⁴University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
¹³⁵Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹³⁶INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹³⁷Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹³⁸IAC3–IEEC, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
¹³⁹University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
¹⁴⁰Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
¹⁴¹University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
¹⁴²INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
¹⁴³University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
¹⁴⁴Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
¹⁴⁵Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali di Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
¹⁴⁶Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹⁴⁷Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
¹⁴⁸OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Victoria 3122, Australia
¹⁴⁹Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Kóbenhavn, Denmark
¹⁵⁰National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
¹⁵¹OzGrav, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
¹⁵²Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
¹⁵³University of Chinese Academy of Sciences / International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, Beijing 100190, China
¹⁵⁴Institute of Physics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 101 University Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
¹⁵⁵Kamioka Branch, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
¹⁵⁶National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
¹⁵⁷University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
¹⁵⁸CaRT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹⁵⁹Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIIN), Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁶⁰Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama City, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
¹⁶¹School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
¹⁶²Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
¹⁶³University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
¹⁶⁴INFN Cagliari, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
¹⁶⁵Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
¹⁶⁶INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
¹⁶⁷Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹⁶⁸Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
¹⁶⁹The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
¹⁷⁰Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
¹⁷¹The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
¹⁷²Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
¹⁷³University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
¹⁷⁴INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁷⁵INFN-CNAF - Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
¹⁷⁶Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
¹⁷⁷Université de Normandie, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, F-14000 Caen, France
¹⁷⁸Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire Caen, 6 boulevard du maréchal Juin, F-14050 Caen, France
¹⁷⁹The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
¹⁸⁰Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹⁸¹Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
¹⁸²Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
¹⁸³IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁸⁴Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸⁵INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸⁶Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
¹⁸⁷Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹⁸⁸Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
¹⁸⁹Corps des Mines, Mines Paris, Université PSL, 60 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris, France
¹⁹⁰Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
¹⁹¹Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Lagrange, F-06304 Nice, France
¹⁹²National Center for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland
¹⁹³Università degli Studi di Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
¹⁹⁴Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
¹⁹⁵University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁹⁶Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁹⁷Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
¹⁹⁸Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
¹⁹⁹Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA
²⁰⁰HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
²⁰¹Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
²⁰²Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Universidade do Minho, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
²⁰³Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
²⁰⁴CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
²⁰⁵Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
²⁰⁶SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
²⁰⁷Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33168, USA
²⁰⁸Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
²⁰⁹Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²¹⁰Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²¹¹University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
²¹²California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
²¹³Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
²¹⁴Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio di Roma, Viale del Parco Mellini 84–00136 Roma, Italy
²¹⁵Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, F-72085 Le Mans, France
²¹⁶University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
²¹⁷Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Elettronica e Meccanica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
²¹⁸University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
²¹⁹University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
²²⁰Ariel University, Ramat HaGolan St 65, Ari’el, Israel
²²¹The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
²²²Graduate School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
²²³Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
²²⁴The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
²²⁵Nirula Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal 700109, India
²²⁶American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
²²⁷Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²⁸INFN, sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²⁹Department of Applied Physics, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
²³⁰University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
²³¹University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
²³²College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi, Narashino City, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
²³³Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²³⁴Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Bidhannagar, West Bengal 700064, India
²³⁵Department of Physics, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Road, Danshui Dist., New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
²³⁶Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 101 University Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
²³⁷Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
²³⁸Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
²³⁹Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
²⁴⁰Helmut Schmidt University, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany
²⁴¹Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²⁴²Directorate of Construction, Services & Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
²⁴³Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 11 rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
²⁴⁴Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
²⁴⁵National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²⁴⁶School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²⁴⁷Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁸Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁹Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
²⁵⁰University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA
²⁵¹Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 9GH2+3V5, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
²⁵²Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
²⁵³National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
²⁵⁴Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
²⁵⁵Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
²⁵⁶Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁵⁷Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
²⁵⁸Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
²⁵⁹Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
²⁶⁰Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
²⁶¹Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
²⁶²Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8-35151 Padova, Italy
²⁶³Sezione di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via Marzolo, 8-35131 Padova, Italy
²⁶⁴Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
²⁶⁵Department of Physics, Nagoya University, ES building, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
²⁶⁶Université de Montréal/Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
²⁶⁷Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Università 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
²⁶⁸Department of Computer Simulation, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea
²⁶⁹Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
²⁷⁰NAVIER, École des Ponts, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne-la-Vallée, France
²⁷¹Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁷²Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
²⁷³Department of Physics, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Danshui Dist., New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
²⁷⁴St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, Florida 33054, USA
²⁷⁵Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷⁶Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷⁷Institut fuer Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum fuer Astronomie Heidelberg, Universitaet Heidelberg, Albert Ueberle Strasse 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
²⁷⁸Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷⁹Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
²⁸⁰Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
²⁸¹Universidad de Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
²⁸²Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
²⁸³Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University, 67 Fukakusa Tsukamoto-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 612-8577, Japan
²⁸⁴Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Universita di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
²⁸⁵Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
²⁸⁶Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
²⁸⁷University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
²⁸⁸Department of Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
²⁸⁹Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
²⁹⁰GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
²⁹¹University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
²⁹²Observatoire de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
²⁹³Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²⁹⁴Niigata Study Center, The Open University of Japan, 754 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8122, Japan
²⁹⁵CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
²⁹⁶Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, I-00185 Roma, Italy
²⁹⁷Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
²⁹⁸Department of Physics, University of Guadalajara, Avenida Revolucion 1500, Colonia Olimpica C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
²⁹⁹Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
³⁰⁰INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
³⁰¹Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
³⁰²Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, 75014 Paris, France
³⁰³Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, I-00184 Roma, Italy
³⁰⁴Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
³⁰⁵Government Victoria College, Palakkad, Kerala 678001, India
³⁰⁶Subatech, CNRS/IN2P3 - IMT Atlantique - Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler BP 20722 44307 Nantes CÉDEX 03, France
³⁰⁷Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
³⁰⁸Departamento de Física - ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
³⁰⁹Department of Electronic Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakai, Nagaoka City, Niigata 940-8532, Japan
³¹⁰Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
³¹¹Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università Degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44121 Ferrara FE, Italy
³¹²Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
³¹³Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
³¹⁴Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
³¹⁵Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
³¹⁶Laboratoire MSME, Cité Descartes, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
³¹⁷Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 1-79-1 Kitayama, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0196, Japan
³¹⁸NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
³¹⁹Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
³²⁰Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, (CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité), F-75005 Paris, France
³²¹The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
³²²Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³²³Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³²⁴University of Catania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania CT, Italy
³²⁵National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Sabae-shi, Fukui 916-8507, Japan
³²⁶Department of Communications Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
³²⁷Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
³²⁸Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, USA
³²⁹Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
³³⁰Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
³³¹School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Bayi Road 299, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China

^*Full author list given at the end of the Letter.
^†Deceased, September 2024.
^‡Deceased, August 2025.

PDF

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 071401 – Published 13 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/gzrj-mwv3

Abstract

GW240925 and GW250207 are two loud gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole coalescences observed with network signal-to-noise ratios $\sim 32$ and $\sim 69$ , respectively, by the LIGO Hanford-LIGO Livingston-Virgo network. Gravitational-wave signals from coalescing binaries have characteristic phase and amplitude evolution predicted by general relativity. These signal waveforms, together with measured instrumental calibration uncertainties, are used to infer source parameters. However, for sufficiently loud detections, it is possible to constrain the calibration of the detectors directly using the signals themselves. We present the first informative astrophysical measurements of gravitational-wave detector calibration. For GW240925, we verify the inference of Hanford calibration from the astrophysical signal through cross-checks with known calibration errors obtained from in situ measurements. At the time of GW250207, the Hanford detector was not fully stabilized, leading to elevated calibration uncertainties; thus, astrophysical calibration is essential to obtain accurate data and to enable source localization. These well-localized, high signal-to-noise observations have the potential to offer precise measurements of source properties, stringent tests of general relativity, and informative dark siren measurements, provided that calibration uncertainties are properly incorporated. As detector sensitivity improves, astrophysical calibration will become an increasingly valuable complement to in situ calibration measurements. Obtaining accurate calibration will be essential for precision gravitational-wave science.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (237)

B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016).
J. Aasi et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Advanced LIGO, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 074001 (2015).
F. Acernese et al. (Virgo Collaboration), Advanced Virgo: A second-generation interferometric gravitational wave detector, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 024001 (2015).
T. Akutsu et al. (KAGRA Collaboration), Overview of KAGRA: Detector design and construction history, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2021, 05A101 (2021).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-4.0: An introduction to version 4.0 of the gravitational-wave transient catalog, Astrophys. J. Lett. 995, L18 (2025).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-4.0: Updating the gravitational-wave transient catalog with observations from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run, arXiv:2508.18082.
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GW250114: Testing Hawking’s area law and the Kerr nature of black holes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 111403 (2025).
D. Ganapathy et al. (LIGO O4 Detector Collaboration), Broadband quantum enhancement of the LIGO detectors with frequency-dependent squeezing, Phys. Rev. X 13, 041021 (2023).
W. Jia et al. (LIGO Instrument Science Collaboration), Squeezing the quantum noise of a gravitational-wave detector below the standard quantum limit, Science 385, 1318 (2024).
E. Capote et al., Advanced LIGO detector performance in the fourth observing run, Phys. Rev. D 111, 062002 (2025).
C. Cutler and É. E. Flanagan, Gravitational waves from merging compact binaries: How accurately can one extract the binary’s parameters from the inspiral waveform?, Phys. Rev. D 49, 2658 (1994).
M. Pürrer and C.-J. Haster, Gravitational waveform accuracy requirements for future ground-based detectors, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 023151 (2020).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration), A guide to LIGO–Virgo detector noise and extraction of transient gravitational-wave signals, Classical Quantum Gravity 37, 055002 (2020).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Calibration of the Advanced LIGO detectors for the discovery of the binary black-hole merger GW150914, Phys. Rev. D 95, 062003 (2017).
C. Cahillane et al. (LIGO Instrument Science Collaboration), Calibration uncertainty for Advanced LIGO’s first and second observing runs, Phys. Rev. D 96, 102001 (2017).
L. Sun et al., Characterization of systematic error in Advanced LIGO calibration, Classical Quantum Gravity 37, 225008 (2020).
F. Acernese et al. (Virgo Collaboration), Calibration of Advanced Virgo and reconstruction of the detector strain $h (t)$ during the observing run O3, Classical Quantum Gravity 39, 045006 (2022).
E. D. Hall, C. Cahillane, K. Izumi, R. J. E. Smith, and R. X. Adhikari, Systematic calibration error requirements for gravitational-wave detectors via the Cramér–Rao bound, Classical Quantum Gravity 36, 205006 (2019).
R. Essick, Calibration uncertainty’s impact on gravitational-wave observations, Phys. Rev. D 105, 082002 (2022).
S. Vitale, W. Del Pozzo, T. G. F. Li, C. Van Den Broeck, I. Mandel, B. Aylott, and J. Veitch, Effect of calibration errors on Bayesian parameter estimation for gravitational wave signals from inspiral binary systems in the advanced detectors era, Phys. Rev. D 85, 064034 (2012).
S. Kumar, M. Melching, and F. Ohme, Accounting for the known unknowns: A parametric framework to incorporate systematic waveform errors in gravitational-wave parameter estimation, Phys. Rev. D 112, 104071 (2025).
Y. Huang, H.-Y. Chen, C.-J. Haster, L. Sun, S. Vitale, and J. S. Kissel, Impact of calibration uncertainties on Hubble constant measurements from gravitational-wave sources, Phys. Rev. D 111, 063034 (2025).
A. Gupta et al., Possible causes of false general relativity violations in gravitational wave observations, SciPost Phys. Comm. Rep. (2024), 10.21468/SciPostPhysCommRep.5.
M. R. Sinha, L. Sun, and S. Ma, Impact of detector calibration accuracy on black hole spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. D 112, 084038 (2025).
B. F. Schutz, Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations, Nature (London) 323, 310 (1986).
R. Essick and D. E. Holz, Calibrating gravitational-wave detectors with GW170817, Classical Quantum Gravity 36, 125002 (2019).
E. Payne, C. Talbot, P. D. Lasky, E. Thrane, and J. S. Kissel, Gravitational-wave astronomy with a physical calibration model, Phys. Rev. D 102, 122004 (2020).
S. Vitale, C.-J. Haster, L. Sun, B. Farr, E. Goetz, J. Kissel, and C. Cahillane, Physical approach to the marginalization of LIGO calibration uncertainties, Phys. Rev. D 103, 063016 (2021).
M. Pitkin, C. Messenger, and L. Wright, Astrophysical calibration of gravitational-wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 93, 062002 (2016).
B. F. Schutz and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Self-calibration of networks of gravitational wave detectors, arXiv:2009.10212.
C. Alléné et al., Relative calibration of the LIGO and Virgo detectors using astrophysical events from their third observing run, Classical Quantum Gravity 39, 195019 (2022).
C. Bond, D. Brown, A. Freise, and K. Strain, Interferometer techniques for gravitational-wave detection, Living Rev. Relativity 19, 3 (2016).
M. Pitkin, S. Reid, S. Rowan, and J. Hough, Gravitational wave detection by interferometry (ground and space), Living Rev. Relativity 14, 5 (2011).
A. D. Viets et al., Reconstructing the calibrated strain signal in the Advanced LIGO detectors, Classical Quantum Gravity 35, 095015 (2018).
T. Akutsu et al. (KAGRA Collaboration), Overview of KAGRA: Calibration, detector characterization, physical environmental monitors, and the geophysics interferometer, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2021, 05A102 (2021).
See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/gzrj-mwv3 for details, which includes Refs. [37–87].
C. Grimaud, Virgo interferometer calibration and h(t) strain reconstruction uncertainty during the O4 observing run, Ph. D. thesis, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 2025.
A. G. Sullivan et al., Timing system of LIGO discoveries, Phys. Rev. D 108, 022003 (2023).
F. Aubin, E. Dangelser, D. Estevez, A. Masserot, B. Mours, T. Pradier, A. Syx, and P. Van Hove, The Virgo Newtonian calibration system for the O4 observing run, Classical Quantum Gravity 41, 235003 (2024).
S. Soni et al. (LIGO Instrument Science Collaboration), Reducing scattered light in LIGO’s third observing run, Classical Quantum Gravity 38, 025016 (2021).
J. Glanzer, S. Soni, J. Spoon, A. Effler, and G. González, Noise in the LIGO livingston gravitational wave observatory due to trains, Classical Quantum Gravity 40, 195015 (2023).
S. Soni, J. Glanzer, A. Effler, V. Frolov, G. González, A. Pele, and R. Schofield, Modeling and reduction of high frequency scatter noise at LIGO Livingston, Classical Quantum Gravity 41, 135015 (2024).
P. B. Covas et al. (LIGO Instrument Science Collaboration), Identification and mitigation of narrow spectral artifacts that degrade searches for persistent gravitational waves in the first two observing runs of Advanced LIGO, Phys. Rev. D 97, 082002 (2018).
D. Davis et al. (LIGO Instrument Science Collaboration), LIGO detector characterization in the second and third observing runs, Classical Quantum Gravity 38, 135014 (2021).
F. Acernese et al. (Virgo Collaboration), Virgo detector characterization and data quality: Tools, Classical Quantum Gravity 40, 185005 (2023).
G. Vajente, Y. Huang, M. Isi, J. C. Driggers, J. S. Kissel, M. J. Szczepańczyk, and S. Vitale, Machine-learning nonstationary noise out of gravitational-wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 101, 042003 (2020).
S. Hourihane, K. Chatziioannou, M. Wijngaarden, D. Davis, T. Littenberg, and N. Cornish, Accurate modeling and mitigation of overlapping signals and glitches in gravitational-wave data, Phys. Rev. D 106, 042006 (2022).
D. Davis, T. B. Littenberg, I. M. Romero-Shaw, M. Millhouse, J. McIver, F. Di Renzo, and G. Ashton, Subtracting glitches from gravitational-wave detector data during the third LIGO-Virgo observing run, Classical Quantum Gravity 39, 245013 (2022).
B. Allen, W. G. Anderson, P. R. Brady, D. A. Brown, and J. D. E. Creighton, FINDCHIRP: An algorithm for detection of gravitational waves from inspiraling compact binaries, Phys. Rev. D 85, 122006 (2012).
H.-Y. Chen, D. E. Holz, J. Miller, M. Evans, S. Vitale, and J. Creighton, Distance measures in gravitational-wave astrophysics and cosmology, Classical Quantum Gravity 38, 055010 (2021).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Low-latency gravitational-wave alerts for multimessenger astronomy during the second Advanced LIGO and Virgo observing run, Astrophys. J. 875, 161 (2019).
T. Dal Canton, A. H. Nitz, B. Gadre, G. S. Cabourn Davies, V. Villa-Ortega, T. Dent, I. Harry, and L. Xiao, Real-time search for compact binary mergers in Advanced LIGO and Virgo’s third observing run using PyCBC live, Astrophys. J. 923, 254 (2021).
T. Dal Canton et al., Implementing a search for aligned-spin neutron star-black hole systems with advanced ground based gravitational wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 90, 082004 (2014).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW150914: First results from the search for binary black hole coalescence with Advanced LIGO, Phys. Rev. D 93, 122003 (2016).
R. Essick et al., Compact binary coalescence sensitivity estimates with injection campaigns during the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaborations’ fourth observing run, Phys. Rev. D 112, 102001 (2025).
L. Blanchet, T. Damour, B. R. Iyer, C. M. Will, and A. G. Wiseman, Gravitational radiation damping of compact binary systems to second postNewtonian order, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3515 (1995).
N. Christensen and R. Meyer, Parameter estimation with gravitational waves, Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 025001 (2022).
T. B. Littenberg and N. J. Cornish, Bayesian inference for spectral estimation of gravitational wave detector noise, Phys. Rev. D 91, 084034 (2015).
G. Pratten et al., Computationally efficient models for the dominant and subdominant harmonic modes of precessing binary black holes, Phys. Rev. D 103, 104056 (2021).
M. Colleoni, F. A. R. Vidal, C. García-Quirós, S. Akçay, and S. Bera, Fast frequency-domain gravitational waveforms for precessing binaries with a new twist, Phys. Rev. D 111, 104019 (2025).
E. Hamilton, L. London, J. E. Thompson, E. Fauchon-Jones, M. Hannam, C. Kalaghatgi, S. Khan, F. Pannarale, and A. Vano-Vinuales, Model of gravitational waves from precessing black-hole binaries through merger and ringdown, Phys. Rev. D 104, 124027 (2021).
E. Hamilton et al., PhenomXPNR: An improved gravitational wave model linking precessing inspirals and NR-calibrated merger-ringdown, Phys. Rev. D 113, 084055 (2026).
A. Ramos-Buades, A. Buonanno, H. Estellés, M. Khalil, D. P. Mihaylov, S. Ossokine, L. Pompili, and M. Shiferaw, Next generation of accurate and efficient multipolar precessing-spin effective-one-body waveforms for binary black holes, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124037 (2023).
H. Estellés, A. Buonanno, R. Enficiaud, C. Foo, and L. Pompili, Adding equatorial-asymmetric effects for spin-precessing binaries into the SEOBNRv5PHM waveform model, Phys. Rev. D 113, 044049 (2026).
G. Pratten, S. Husa, C. Garcia-Quiros, M. Colleoni, A. Ramos-Buades, H. Estelles, and R. Jaume, Setting the cornerstone for a family of models for gravitational waves from compact binaries: The dominant harmonic for nonprecessing quasicircular black holes, Phys. Rev. D 102, 064001 (2020).
R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GWTC-2: Compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first half of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. X 11, 021053 (2021).
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration, LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA S240925n: Identification of a GW compact binary merger candidate, GCN 37604 (2024), https://gcn.nasa.gov/circulars/37604.
A. Krolak and B. F. Schutz, Coalescing binaries—Probe of the universe, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 19, 1163 (1987).
S. Nissanke, D. E. Holz, S. A. Hughes, N. Dalal, and J. L. Sievers, Exploring short gamma-ray bursts as gravitational-wave standard sirens, Astrophys. J. 725, 496 (2010).
T. Narikawa, M. Kaneyama, and H. Tagoshi, Optimal follow-up observations of gravitational wave events with small optical telescopes, Phys. Rev. D 96, 084067 (2017).
S. A. Usman, J. C. Mills, and S. Fairhurst, Constraining the inclinations of binary mergers from gravitational-wave observations, Astrophys. J. 877, 82 (2019).
B. S. Sathyaprakash and B. F. Schutz, Physics, astrophysics and cosmology with gravitational waves, Living Rev. Relativity 12, 2 (2009).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Effects of waveform model systematics on the interpretation of GW150914, Classical Quantum Gravity 34, 104002 (2017).
K. S. Thorne, Gravitational radiation, in Three Hundred Years of Gravitation, edited by S. W. Hawking and W. Israel (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987), Chap. 9, pp. 330–458.
L. S. Finn and D. F. Chernoff, Observing binary inspiral in gravitational radiation: One interferometer, Phys. Rev. D 47, 2198 (1993).
B. F. Schutz, Networks of gravitational wave detectors and three figures of merit, Classical Quantum Gravity 28, 125023 (2011).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW170814: A three-detector observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole coalescence, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 141101 (2017).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW170817: Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017).
K. Pearson, Note on regression and inheritance in the case of two parents, Proc. R. Soc. London 58, 240 (1895).
R. Essick, S. Vitale, E. Katsavounidis, G. Vedovato, and S. Klimenko, Localization of short duration gravitational-wave transients with the early advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors, Astrophys. J. 800, 81 (2015).
L. Sampson, N. Cornish, and N. Yunes, Gravitational wave tests of strong field general relativity with binary inspirals: Realistic injections and optimal model selection, Phys. Rev. D 87, 102001 (2013).
B. Edelman et al., Constraining unmodeled physics with compact binary mergers from GWTC-1, Phys. Rev. D 103, 042004 (2021).
L. Pompili et al., Laying the foundation of the effective-one-body waveform models SEOBNRv5: Improved accuracy and efficiency for spinning nonprecessing binary black holes, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124035 (2023).
R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Tests of general relativity with binary black holes from the second LIGO–Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalog, Phys. Rev. D 103, 122002 (2021).
E. M. Sänger et al., Tests of general relativity with GW230529: A neutron star merging with a lower mass-gap compact object, Phys. Rev. D 113, 084070 (2026).
A. Pai and K. G. Arun, Singular value decomposition in parametrised tests of post-Newtonian theory, Classical Quantum Gravity 30, 025011 (2013).
A. A. Shoom, P. K. Gupta, B. Krishnan, A. B. Nielsen, and C. D. Capano, Testing the post-Newtonian expansion with GW170817, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 55, 55 (2023).
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration, LIGO Virgo KAGRA calibration uncertainty (O4), Technical Report No. DCC-T2500288, LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA, 2025, https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-T2500288/public.
B. Allen, LIGO calibration accuracy, Technical Report No. LIGO-T960189, LIGO, 1996.
S. Karki et al., The Advanced LIGO photon calibrators, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 114503 (2016).
D. Estevez, P. Lagabbe, A. Masserot, L. Rolland, M. Seglar-Arroyo, and D. Verkindt, The Advanced Virgo photon calibrators, Classical Quantum Gravity 38, 075007 (2021).
D. Bhattacharjee, Y. Lecoeuche, S. Karki, J. Betzwieser, V. Bossilkov, S. Kandhasamy, E. Payne, and R. L. Savage, Fiducial displacements with improved accuracy for the global network of gravitational wave detectors, Classical Quantum Gravity 38, 015009 (2021).
D. Chen et al., Performance of the KAGRA photon calibrators during the fourth joint observing run with LIGO and Virgo, Classical Quantum Gravity 42, 185018 (2025).
M. Wade et al., Toward low-latency, high-fidelity calibration of the LIGO detectors with enhanced monitoring tools, Classical Quantum Gravity 42, 215016 (2025).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-4.0: Methods for identifying and characterizing gravitational-wave transients, arXiv:2508.18081.
F. Aubin, C. Grimaud, B. Mours, T. Pradier, L. Rolland, M. Seglar-Arroyo, H. Van Haevermaet, P. Van Hove, and D. Verkindt, From the Virgo interferometer calibration to the bias and uncertainty of the h(t) detector strain during the O4 run, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 3177, 012082 (2026).
J. Betzwieser, Calibration statements on OOOM requests for GW240925 and GW250207, Technical Report No. LIGO-T2500292, LIGO, 2025, https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-T2500292/public.
S. Chatterji, L. Blackburn, G. Martin, and E. Katsavounidis, Multiresolution techniques for the detection of gravitational-wave bursts, Classical Quantum Gravity 21, S1809 (2004).
S. Klimenko, S. Mohanty, M. Rakhmanov, and G. Mitselmakher, Constraint likelihood analysis for a network of gravitational wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 72, 122002 (2005).
S. Klimenko, I. Yakushin, A. Mercer, and G. Mitselmakher, A coherent method for detection of gravitational wave bursts, Classical Quantum Gravity 25, 114029 (2008).
S. Klimenko et al., Method for detection and reconstruction of gravitational wave transients with networks of advanced detectors, Phys. Rev. D 93, 042004 (2016).
T. Mishra, S. Bhaumik, V. Gayathri, M. J. Szczepańczyk, I. Bartos, and S. Klimenko, Gravitational waves detected by a burst search in LIGO/Virgo’s third observing run, Phys. Rev. D 111, 023054 (2025).
C. Messick et al., Analysis framework for the prompt discovery of compact binary mergers in gravitational-wave data, Phys. Rev. D 95, 042001 (2017).
S. Sachdev et al., The gstlal search analysis methods for compact binary mergers in Advanced LIGO’s second and Advanced Virgo’s first observing runs, arXiv:1901.08580.
C. Hanna et al., Fast evaluation of multidetector consistency for real-time gravitational wave searches, Phys. Rev. D 101, 022003 (2020).
K. Cannon et al., gstlal: A software framework for gravitational wave discovery, SoftwareX 14, 100680 (2021).
S. Sakon et al., Template bank for compact binary mergers in the fourth observing run of Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo, and KAGRA, Phys. Rev. D 109, 044066 (2024).
B. Ewing et al., Performance of the low-latency gstlal inspiral search towards LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA’s fourth observing run, Phys. Rev. D 109, 042008 (2024).
L. Tsukada et al., Improved ranking statistics of the gstlal inspiral search for compact binary coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 108, 043004 (2023).
P. Joshi et al., New methods for offline gstlal analyses, arXiv:2506.06497.
P. Joshi et al., How many times should we matched filter gravitational wave data? A comparison of gstlal’s online and offline performance, arXiv:2505.23959.
T. Adams, D. Buskulic, V. Germain, G. M. Guidi, F. Marion, M. Montani, B. Mours, F. Piergiovanni, and G. Wang, Low-latency analysis pipeline for compact binary coalescences in the advanced gravitational wave detector era, Classical Quantum Gravity 33, 175012 (2016).
F. Aubin et al., The MBTA pipeline for detecting compact binary coalescences in the third LIGO–Virgo observing run, Classical Quantum Gravity 38, 095004 (2021).
C. Alléné et al., The MBTA pipeline for detecting compact binary coalescences in the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run, Classical Quantum Gravity 42, 105009 (2025).
Q. Chu et al., SPIIR online coherent pipeline to search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 105, 024023 (2022).
L. P. Singer and L. R. Price, Rapid Bayesian position reconstruction for gravitational-wave transients, Phys. Rev. D 93, 024013 (2016).
L. P. Singer et al., Going the distance: Mapping host galaxies of LIGO and Virgo sources in three dimensions using local cosmography and targeted follow-up, Astrophys. J. Lett. 829, L15 (2016).
GCN Circular archive for S240925n, https://gcn.nasa.gov/circulars/events/ligovirgokagra-s240925n
S. Soni et al. (LIGO Instrument Science Collaboration), LIGO detector characterization in the first half of the fourth observing run, Classical Quantum Gravity 42, 085016 (2025).
L. K. Nuttall, Characterizing transient noise in the LIGO detectors, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376, 20170286 (2018).
J. Glanzer et al., Data quality up to the third observing run of Advanced LIGO: Gravity Spy glitch classifications, Classical Quantum Gravity 40, 065004 (2023).
S. Hourihane and K. Chatziioannou, Glitches far from transient gravitational-wave events do not bias inference, Phys. Rev. D 112, 084006 (2025).
GCN Circular archive for S250207bg, https://gcn.nasa.gov/circulars/events/ligovirgokagra-s250207bg.
G. Ashton et al., bilby: A user-friendly Bayesian inference library for gravitational-wave astronomy, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 241, 27 (2019).
I. M. Romero-Shaw et al., Bayesian inference for compact binary coalescences with bilby: Validation and application to the first LIGO–Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalogue, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 499, 3295 (2020).
T. Baka et al., Correcting misspecification of calibration uncertainties in gravitational-wave data analysis with efficient reweighting, Technical Report No. LIGO-T2500295, LIGO, 2025.
W. Farr, B. Farr, and T. Littenberg, Modelling calibration errors in CBC waveforms, Technical Report No. LIGO-T1400682, LIGO, 2014.
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Properties of the binary black hole merger GW150914, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 241102 (2016).
J. Lin, Divergence measures based on the Shannon entropy, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 37, 145 (1991).
P. A. R. Ade et al. (Planck Collaboration), Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 594, A13 (2016).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Binary black hole mergers in the first Advanced LIGO observing run, Phys. Rev. X 6, 041015 (2016); 8, 039903(E) (2018).
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration, LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA S240925n: Updated Sky localization and source classification, GCN 37607 (2024), https://gcn.nasa.gov/circulars/37607.
L. Wen and Y. Chen, Geometrical expression for the angular resolution of a network of gravitational-wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 81, 082001 (2010).
S. Fairhurst, Source localization with an advanced gravitational wave detector network, Classical Quantum Gravity 28, 105021 (2011).
B. P. Abbott et al. (KAGRA Collaboration, LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and Virgo Collaboration), Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA, Living Rev. Relativity 23, 3 (2020).
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration, LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA S250207bg: Updated Sky localization, GCN 39242 (2025), https://gcn.nasa.gov/circulars/39242.
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-4.0: Population properties of merging compact binaries, arXiv:2508.18083.
F. Özel, D. Psaltis, R. Narayan, and J. E. McClintock, The black hole mass distribution in the galaxy, Astrophys. J. 725, 1918 (2010).
W. M. Farr, N. Sravan, A. Cantrell, L. Kreidberg, C. D. Bailyn, I. Mandel, and V. Kalogera, The mass distribution of stellar-mass black holes, Astrophys. J. 741, 103 (2011).
J. Casares and P. G. Jonker, Mass measurements of stellar and intermediate mass black-holes, Space Sci. Rev. 183, 223 (2014).
J. Casares, I. Negueruela, M. Ribó, I. Ribas, J. M. Paredes, A. Herrero, and S. Simón-Díaz, A Be-type star with a black-hole companion, Nature (London) 505, 378 (2014).
J. M. Corral-Santana, J. Casares, T. Muñoz-Darias, F. E. Bauer, I. G. Martinez-Pais, and D. M. Russell, BlackCAT: A catalogue of stellar-mass black holes in X-ray transients, Astron. Astrophys. 587, A61 (2016).
J. C. A. Miller-Jones et al., Cygnus X-1 contains a 21–solar mass black hole—Implications for massive star winds, Science 371, 1046 (2021).
P. Ajith et al., Inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms for black-hole binaries with non-precessing spins, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 241101 (2011).
L. Santamaria et al., Matching post-Newtonian and numerical relativity waveforms: systematic errors and a new phenomenological model for non-precessing black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 82, 064016 (2010).
R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GWTC-2.1: Deep extended catalog of compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first half of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. D 109, 022001 (2024).
R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Population properties of compact objects from the second LIGO-Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalog, Astrophys. J. Lett. 913, L7 (2021).
R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-3: Compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the second part of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. X 13, 041039 (2023).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific and KAGRA Collaborations), GW241011 and GW241110: Exploring binary formation and fundamental physics with asymmetric, high-spin black hole coalescences, Astrophys. J. Lett. 993, L21 (2025).
K. S. Thorne, Multipole expansions of gravitational radiation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 299 (1980).
L. Blanchet, Gravitational radiation from post-Newtonian sources and inspiralling compact binaries, Living Rev. Relativity 17, 2 (2014).
R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW190412: Observation of a binary-black-hole coalescence with asymmetric masses, Phys. Rev. D 102, 043015 (2020).
C. Mills and S. Fairhurst, Measuring gravitational-wave higher-order multipoles, Phys. Rev. D 103, 024042 (2021).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GW230814: Investigation of a loud gravitational-wave signal observed with a single detector, arXiv:2509.07348.
S. Fairhurst, R. Green, C. Hoy, M. Hannam, and A. Muir, Two-harmonic approximation for gravitational waveforms from precessing binaries, Phys. Rev. D 102, 024055 (2020).
S. Fairhurst, R. Green, M. Hannam, and C. Hoy, When will we observe binary black holes precessing?, Phys. Rev. D 102, 041302 (2020).
L. P. Singer et al., The first two years of electromagnetic follow-up with Advanced LIGO and Virgo, Astrophys. J. 795, 105 (2014).
A. Ouzriat, V. Sordini, and F. Di Renzo, Characterizing low-latency sky localization in multi-detector gravitational-wave networks, arXiv:2510.21930.
J. R. Gair et al., The Hitchhiker’s guide to the galaxy catalog approach for dark siren gravitational-wave cosmology, Astron. J. 166, 22 (2023).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the cosmic expansion rate and modified gravitational-wave propagation, arXiv:2509.04348.
W. Del Pozzo, C. P. L. Berry, A. Ghosh, T. S. F. Haines, L. P. Singer, and A. Vecchio, Dirichlet process Gaussian-mixture model: An application to localizing coalescing binary neutron stars with gravitational-wave observations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 479, 601 (2018).
C. Pankow, M. Rizzo, K. Rao, C. P. L. Berry, and V. Kalogera, Localization of compact binary sources with second generation gravitational-wave interferometer networks, Astrophys. J. 902, 71 (2020).
M. Emma, T. F. de Nobrega, and G. Ashton, Comparing advanced-era interferometric gravitational-wave detector network configurations: Sky localization and source properties, Phys. Rev. D 110, 064068 (2024).
R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW190814: Gravitational waves from the coalescence of a 23 solar mass black hole with a 2.6 solar mass compact object, Astrophys. J. Lett. 896, L44 (2020).
G. Dálya, G. Galgóczi, L. Dobos, Z. Frei, I. S. Heng, R. Macas, C. Messenger, P. Raffai, and R. S. de Souza, GLADE: A galaxy catalogue for multimessenger searches in the advanced gravitational-wave detector era, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 479, 2374 (2018).
G. Dálya et al., GLADE+: An extended galaxy catalogue for multimessenger searches with advanced gravitational-wave detectors, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 514, 1403 (2022).
R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), Tests of general relativity with GWTC-3, Phys. Rev. D 112, 084080 (2025).
N. K. Johnson-McDaniel, A. Ghosh, S. Ghonge, M. Saleem, N. V. Krishnendu, and J. A. Clark, Investigating the relation between gravitational wave tests of general relativity, Phys. Rev. D 105, 044020 (2022).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-4.0: Tests of general relativity. I. Overview and general tests, arXiv:2603.19019.
A. K. Mehta, A. Buonanno, R. Cotesta, A. Ghosh, N. Sennett, and J. Steinhoff, Tests of general relativity with gravitational-wave observations using a flexible theory-independent method, Phys. Rev. D 107, 044020 (2023).
T. G. F. Li, W. Del Pozzo, S. Vitale, C. Van Den Broeck, M. Agathos, J. Veitch, K. Grover, T. Sidery, R. Sturani, and A. Vecchio, Towards a generic test of the strong field dynamics of general relativity using compact binary coalescence, Phys. Rev. D 85, 082003 (2012).
M. Agathos, W. Del Pozzo, T. G. F. Li, C. Van Den Broeck, J. Veitch, and S. Vitale, TIGER: A data analysis pipeline for testing the strong-field dynamics of general relativity with gravitational wave signals from coalescing compact binaries, Phys. Rev. D 89, 082001 (2014).
J. Meidam et al., Parametrized tests of the strong-field dynamics of general relativity using gravitational wave signals from coalescing binary black holes: Fast likelihood calculations and sensitivity of the method, Phys. Rev. D 97, 044033 (2018).
S. Roy, M. Haney, G. Pratten, P. T. H. Pang, and C. Van Den Broeck, Improved parametrized test of general relativity using the IMRPhenomX waveform family: Including higher harmonics and precession, Phys. Rev. D 113, 024016 (2026).
M. Saleem, S. Datta, K. G. Arun, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Parametrized tests of post-Newtonian theory using principal component analysis, Phys. Rev. D 105, 084062 (2022).
P. Mahapatra et al., Confronting general relativity with principal component analysis: Simulations and results from GWTC-3 events, Phys. Rev. D 112, 104007 (2025).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), Black hole spectroscopy and tests of general relativity with GW250114, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 041403 (2026).
B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Tests of general relativity with GW170817, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 011102 (2019).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-4.0: Tests of general relativity. II. Parameterized tests, arXiv:2603.19020.
R. Brito, A. Buonanno, and V. Raymond, Black-hole spectroscopy by making full use of gravitational-wave modeling, Phys. Rev. D 98, 084038 (2018).
A. Ghosh, R. Brito, and A. Buonanno, Constraints on quasinormal-mode frequencies with LIGO-Virgo binary–black-hole observations, Phys. Rev. D 103, 124041 (2021).
E. Maggio, H. O. Silva, A. Buonanno, and A. Ghosh, Tests of general relativity in the nonlinear regime: A parametrized plunge-merger-ringdown gravitational waveform model, Phys. Rev. D 108, 024043 (2023).
A. Toubiana, L. Pompili, A. Buonanno, J. R. Gair, and M. L. Katz, Measuring source properties and quasinormal mode frequencies of heavy massive black-hole binaries with LISA, Phys. Rev. D 109, 104019 (2024).
L. Pompili, E. Maggio, H. O. Silva, and A. Buonanno, Parametrized spin-precessing inspiral-merger-ringdown waveform model for tests of general relativity, Phys. Rev. D 111, 124040 (2025).
S. Ma, K. Mitman, L. Sun, N. Deppe, F. Hébert, L. E. Kidder, J. Moxon, W. Throwe, N. L. Vu, and Y. Chen, Quasinormal-mode filters: A new approach to analyze the gravitational-wave ringdown of binary black-hole mergers, Phys. Rev. D 106, 084036 (2022).
S. Ma, L. Sun, and Y. Chen, Using rational filters to uncover the first ringdown overtone in GW150914, Phys. Rev. D 107, 084010 (2023).
S. Ma, L. Sun, and Y. Chen, Black hole spectroscopy by mode cleaning, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 141401 (2023).
N. Lu, S. Ma, O. J. Piccinni, L. Sun, and E. Finch, Statistical identification of ringdown modes with rational filters, Phys. Rev. D 112, 064047 (2025).
M. Isi, M. Giesler, W. M. Farr, M. A. Scheel, and S. A. Teukolsky, Testing the no-hair theorem with GW150914, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 111102 (2019).
M. Isi and W. M. Farr, Analyzing black-hole ringdowns, arXiv:2107.05609.
H. Siegel, M. Isi, and W. M. Farr, Analyzing black-hole ringdowns. II. Data conditioning, Phys. Rev. D 111, 044070 (2025).
A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-4.0: Tests of general relativity. III. Tests of the remnants, arXiv:2603.19021.
V. Varma, S. E. Field, M. A. Scheel, J. Blackman, L. E. Kidder, and H. P. Pfeiffer, Surrogate model of hybridized numerical relativity binary black hole waveforms, Phys. Rev. D 99, 064045 (2019).
F. Di Renzo, F. Fidecaro, M. Razzano, and N. Sorrentino, bristol—a band-limited RMS stationarity test tool for gravitational wave data, in 55th Rencontres de Moriond on Gravitation (2024), arXiv:2401.15392.
John Zweizig, The Data Monitor Tool Project, labcit.ligo.caltech.edu/˜jzweizig/DMT-Project.html (2006).
LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, Data quality report user documentation, docs.ligo.org/detchar/data-quality-report/ (2018).
R. P. Fisher, G. Hemming, M.-A. Bizouard, D. A. Brown, P. F. Couvares, F. Robinet, and D. Verkindt, DQSEGDB: A time-interval database for storing gravitational wave observatory metadata, SoftwareX 14, 100677 (2021).
L. Vazsonyi and D. Davis, Identifying glitches near gravitational-wave signals from compact binary coalescences using the Q-transform, Classical Quantum Gravity 40, 035008 (2023).
S. Alvarez-Lopez, A. Liyanage, J. Ding, R. Ng, and J. McIver, GSpyNetTree: A signal-vs-glitch classifier for gravitational-wave event candidates, Classical Quantum Gravity 41, 085007 (2024).
A. L. Urban et al., gwdetchar/gwdetchar, 10.5281/zenodo.2575786 (2021).
J. R. Smith, T. Abbott, E. Hirose, N. Leroy, D. Macleod, J. McIver, P. Saulson, and P. Shawhan, A hierarchical method for vetoing noise transients in gravitational-wave detectors, Classical Quantum Gravity 28, 235005 (2011).
R. Essick, P. Godwin, C. Hanna, L. Blackburn, and E. Katsavounidis, iDQ: Statistical inference of non-Gaussian noise with auxiliary degrees of freedom in gravitational-wave detectors, Mach. Learn. Sci. Technol. 2, 015004 (2020).
J. S. Areeda, J. R. Smith, A. P. Lundgren, E. Maros, D. M. Macleod, and J. Zweizig, LigoDV-web: Providing easy, secure and universal access to a large distributed scientific data store for the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Astron. Comput. 18, 27 (2017).
R. Macas and A. Lundgren, Sensitive test of non-Gaussianity in gravitational-wave detector data, Phys. Rev. D 108, 063016 (2023).
F. Robinet, N. Arnaud, N. Leroy, A. Lundgren, D. Macleod, and J. McIver, Omicron: A tool to characterize transient noise in gravitational-wave detectors, SoftwareX 12, 100620 (2020).
A. Helmling-Cornell, P. Nguyen, R. Schofield, and R. Frey, Automated evaluation of environmental coupling for Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detections, Classical Quantum Gravity 41, 145003 (2024).
Virgo Collaboration, PythonVirgoTools, git.ligo.org/virgo/virgoapp/PythonVirgoTools (2021).
S. Mozzon, L. K. Nuttall, A. Lundgren, T. Dent, S. Kumar, and A. H. Nitz, Dynamic normalization for compact binary coalescence searches in non-stationary noise, Classical Quantum Gravity 37, 215014 (2020).
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration, LVK Algorithm Library Suite, 10.7935/GT1W-FZ16 (2018).
K. Wette, SWIGLAL: Python and Octave interfaces to the LALSuite gravitational-wave data analysis libraries, SoftwareX 12, 100634 (2020).
S. A. Usman et al., The PyCBC search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence, Classical Quantum Gravity 33, 215004 (2016).
A. H. Nitz, T. Dent, T. Dal Canton, S. Fairhurst, and D. A. Brown, Detecting binary compact-object mergers with gravitational waves: Understanding and Improving the sensitivity of the PyCBC search, Astrophys. J. 849, 118 (2017).
G. S. Davies, T. Dent, M. Tápai, I. Harry, C. McIsaac, and A. H. Nitz, Extending the PyCBC search for gravitational waves from compact binary mergers to a global network, Phys. Rev. D 102, 022004 (2020).
S. Klimenko and G. Mitselmakher, A wavelet method for detection of gravitational wave bursts, Classical Quantum Gravity 21, S1819 (2004).
S. Klimenko, G. Vedovato, M. Drago, G. Mazzolo, G. Mitselmakher, C. Pankow, G. Prodi, V. Re, F. Salemi, and I. Yakushin, Localization of gravitational wave sources with networks of advanced detectors, Phys. Rev. D 83, 102001 (2011).
M. Drago et al., coherent WaveBurst, a pipeline for unmodeled gravitational-wave data analysis, SoftwareX 14, 100678 (2021).
N. J. Cornish and T. B. Littenberg, BayesWave: Bayesian inference for gravitational wave bursts and instrument glitches, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 135012 (2015).
T. B. Littenberg, J. B. Kanner, N. J. Cornish, and M. Millhouse, Enabling high confidence detections of gravitational-wave bursts, Phys. Rev. D 94, 044050 (2016).
N. J. Cornish, T. B. Littenberg, B. Bécsy, K. Chatziioannou, J. A. Clark, S. Ghonge, and M. Millhouse, BayesWave analysis pipeline in the era of gravitational wave observations, Phys. Rev. D 103, 044006 (2021).
J. S. Speagle, dynesty: A dynamic nested sampling package for estimating Bayesian posteriors and evidences, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 493, 3132 (2020).
D. P. Mihaylov, S. Ossokine, A. Buonanno, H. Estelles, L. Pompili, M. Pürrer, and A. Ramos-Buades, pySEOBNR: A software package for the next generation of effective-one-body multipolar waveform models, SoftwareX 30, 102080 (2025).
C. Hoy and V. Raymond, PESummary: The code agnostic parameter estimation summary page builder, SoftwareX 15, 100765 (2021).
G. Ashton et al., bilby TGR, 10.5281/zenodo.15676285 (2025).
R. Gray et al., Cosmological inference using gravitational wave standard sirens: A mock data analysis, Phys. Rev. D 101, 122001 (2020).
R. Gray, C. Messenger, and J. Veitch, A pixelated approach to galaxy catalogue incompleteness: Improving the dark siren measurement of the Hubble constant, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 512, 1127 (2022).
R. Gray et al., Joint cosmological and gravitational-wave population inference using dark sirens and galaxy catalogues, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2023) 023.
S. Mastrogiovanni, D. Laghi, R. Gray, G. C. Santoro, A. Ghosh, C. Karathanasis, K. Leyde, D. A. Steer, S. Perries, and G. Pierra, Joint population and cosmological properties inference with gravitational waves standard sirens and galaxy surveys, Phys. Rev. D 108, 042002 (2023).
S. Mastrogiovanni, G. Pierra, S. Perriès, D. Laghi, G. Caneva Santoro, A. Ghosh, R. Gray, C. Karathanasis, and K. Leyde, ICAROGW: A Python package for inference of astrophysical population properties of noisy, heterogeneous, and incomplete observations, Astron. Astrophys. 682, A167 (2024).
D. Williams, J. Veitch, M. L. Chiofalo, P. Schmidt, R. P. Udall, A. Vajpeji, and C. Hoy, Asimov: A framework for coordinating parameter estimation workflows, J. Open Source Software 8, 4170 (2023).
J. D. Hunter, Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment, Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 90 (2007).
M. L. Waskom, seaborn: Statistical data visualization, J. Open Source Software 6, 3021 (2021).
D. Macleod et al., gwpy/gwpy, 10.5281/zenodo.597016 (2021).
C. R. Harris et al., Array programming with NumPy, Nature (London) 585, 357 (2020).
P. Virtanen et al., SciPy 1.0–fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in python, Nat. Methods 17, 261 (2020).
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration, Data Release for GW240925 and GW250207: Astrophysical Calibration of Gravitational-wave Detectors (2026), 10.5281/zenodo.18600069.
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration, GW240925_005809, 10.7935/d2tg-qv58.
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration, GW250207_115645, 10.7935/k8et-b503.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 071401– Published 13 August, 2026

Vol. 137, Iss. 7 — 14 August 2026

Received 27 January 2026
Accepted 30 April 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/gzrj-mwv3

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Physical Review Letters

Reuse & Permissions

Export citation

Export citation

GW240925 and GW250207: Astrophysical Calibration of Gravitational Wave Detectors

Abstract

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (237)

Outline

Information

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation