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    Quantum Christoffel Nonlinear Magnetization

    Xiao-Bin Qiang1,*, Xiaoxiong Liu1,*, Hai-Zhou Lu1,2,†, and X. C. Xie3,4,5

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: luhz@sustech.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 056302 – Published 3 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4kmy-59l9

    Abstract

    The Christoffel symbol is an essential quantity in Einstein’s general theory of relativity. We discover that an electric field can induce a nonlinear magnetization in quantum materials, described by a Christoffel symbol defined in the Hilbert space of quantum states (quantum Christoffel symbol). Quite different from the previous scenarios, this orbital magnetization does not need spin-orbit coupling and inversion symmetry breaking. Through symmetry analysis and first-principles calculations, we identify a number of point groups and 2D material candidates (e.g., BiF3, ZnI2, and Ru4Se5) that host this quantum Christoffel nonlinear magnetization. More importantly, this nonlinear magnetization allows the quantum Christoffel symbol to be probed by optical techniques such as magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy or transport measurements such as tunneling magnetoresistance. This quantum Christoffel nonlinear magnetization gives a paradigm of how geometry dictates physics.

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