- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Letters

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Electron-Nucleus Cross Sections from Transfer Learning

Krzysztof M. Graczyk*, Beata E. Kowal, Artur M. Ankowski, Rwik Dharmapal Banerjee, Jose Luis Bonilla, Hemant Prasad, and Jan T. Sobczyk

  • *Contact author: krzysztof.graczyk@uwr.edu.pl
PDF

Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 052502 – Published 1 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zxv6-22tz

Abstract

Transfer learning allows a deep neural network (DNN) trained on one type of data to be adapted for new problems with limited information. We propose to use the transfer learning technique in physics. The DNN learns the details of one process, and after fine-tuning, it makes predictions for related processes. We consider the DNNs, trained on inclusive electron-carbon scattering data, and show that after fine-tuning, they accurately predict cross sections for electron interactions with nuclear targets ranging from helium-3 to iron.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (36)

  1. G. Steiner, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, edited by N. J. Smelser and P. B. Baltes (Pergamon, Oxford, 2001), pp. 15845–15851.
  2. S. Bozinovski, Informatica, 10.31449/inf.v44i3.2828 (2020).
  3. F. Zhuang et al., arXiv:1911.02685.
  4. K. Weiss, T. M. Khoshgoftaar, and D. Wang, J. Big Data 3, 9 (2016).
  5. B. Abi et al., JINST 15, T08008 (2020).
  6. K. Abe et al., Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2015, 53C02 (2015).
  7. A. M. Ankowski and A. Friedland, Phys. Rev. D 102, 053001 (2020).
  8. A. M. Ankowski et al., J. Phys. G 50, 120501 (2023).
  9. H. Dai et al., Phys. Rev. C 98, 014617 (2018).
  10. J. S. O’Connell et al., Phys. Rev. C 35, 1063 (1987).
  11. M. Anghinolfi et al., Nucl. Phys. A602, 405 (1996).
  12. O. Benhar, D. Day, and I. Sick, Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 189 (2008).
  13. Y. Bengio, A. Courville, and P. Vincent, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 35, 1798 (2013).
  14. C. Tan et al., arXiv:1808.01974.
  15. B. E. Kowal, K. M. Graczyk, A. M. Ankowski, R. D. Banerjee, H. Prasad, and J. T. Sobczyk, Phys. Rev. C 110, 025501 (2024).
  16. Quasielastic Electron Nucleus Scattering Archive at http://discovery.phys.virginia.edu/research/groups/qes-archive/index.html.
  17. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/zxv6-22tz for a comprehensive comparison of TL models against experimental measurements, which includes Refs. [18–29].
  18. C. Marchand et al., Phys. Lett. 153B, 29 (1985).
  19. P. Bosted et al., Phys. Rev. C 46, 2505 (1992).
  20. R. R. Whitney, I. Sick, J. R. Ficenec, R. D. Kephart, and W. P. Trower, Phys. Rev. C 9, 2230 (1974).
  21. J. Arrington et al., Phys. Rev. C 53, 2248 (1996).
  22. J. R. Arrington, Inclusive electron scattering from nuclei at x>1 and high fourmomentum transfer, Ph.D. thesis, Cal Tech, Department of Physics, 1998 (unpublished) [Report No. UMI-98-42283].
  23. D. T. Baran, The electroproduction of the delta isobar in nuclei, Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern University, Department of Physics, 1989 (unpublished) [Report No. UMI-9015361].
  24. J. P. Chen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1283 (1991).
  25. R. M. Sealock et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1350 (1989).
  26. K. Dow et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1706 (1988).
  27. Z. E. Meziani et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 41 (1992).
  28. N. Fomin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 212502 (2010).
  29. D. Day, J. S. McCarthy, I. Sick, R. G. Arnold, B. T. Chertok, S. Rock, Z. M. Szalata, F. Martin, B. A. Mecking, and G. Tamas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1143 (1979).
  30. F. H. Heimlich, Quasielastische Streuung (e,e′p) und (e,e′d) sowie inelastische Streuung im Bereich der Delat(1236)-Resonanz an Li6, Report No. DESY-F23-73-1, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 1973.
  31. D. B. Day et al., Phys. Rev. C 48, 1849 (1993).
  32. C. Williamson et al., Phys. Rev. C 56, 3152 (1997).
  33. Z. E. Meziani et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2130 (1984).
  34. C. Marchand et al., Phys. Lett. 153B, 29 (1985).
  35. T. W. Donnelly and I. Sick, Phys. Rev. C 60, 065502 (1999).
  36. C. Zhang et al., arXiv:1611.03530.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 052502– Published 1 August, 2025
  • Received 20 August 2024
  • Revised 20 March 2025
  • Accepted 14 July 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation