Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Study of Nuclear Effects on Charm Production in Light-Ion Collisions

R. Aaij38, M. Abdelfatah69, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb57, C. Abellan Beteta51, F. Abudinén59, T. Ackernley61, A. A. Adefisoye69, B. Adeva47, M. Adinolfi55 et al. (LHCb Collaboration)

M. Adinolfi55, P. Adlarson87,42, C. Agapopoulou14, C. A. Aidala89, S. Akar11, K. Akiba38, P. Albicocco28, J. Albrecht19,b, R. Aleksiejunas81, F. Alessio49, P. Alvarez Cartelle47, S. Amato3, J. L. Amey55, Y. Amhis14, L. An6, L. Anderlini27, M. Andersson51, P. Andreola51, M. Andreotti26, S. Andres Estrada44, A. Anelli31,c, D. Ao7, C. Arata12, F. Archilli37, Z. Areg69, M. Argenton26, S. Arguedas Cuendis9,49, L. Arnone31,c, M. Artuso69, E. Aslanides13, R. Ataíde Da Silva50, M. Atzeni65, B. Audurier12, J. A. Authier15, D. Bacher64, I. Bachiller Perea50, S. Bachmann22, M. Bachmayer50, J. J. Back57, Z. B. Bai8, V. Balagura15, A. Balboni26, W. Baldini26, Z. Baldwin79, L. Balzani19, H. Bao7, J. Baptista de Souza Leite2, C. Barbero Pretel47,12, M. Barbetti27, I. R. Barbosa70, R. J. Barlow63,a, M. Barnyakov25, S. Baron49, S. Barsuk14, W. Barter59, J. Bartz69, S. Bashir40, B. Batsukh82, P. B. Battista14, A. Bavarchee80, A. Bay50, A. Beck65, M. Becker19, F. Bedeschi35, I. B. Bediaga2, N. A. Behling19, S. Belin47, A. Bellavista25, I. Belov29, I. Belyaev36, G. Bencivenni28, E. Ben-Haim16, J. L. M. Berkey68, R. Bernet51, A. Bertolin33, F. Betti59, J. Bex56, O. Bezshyyko88, S. Bhattacharya80, M. S. Bieker18, N. V. Biesuz26, A. Biolchini38, M. Birch62, F. C. R. Bishop10, A. Bitadze63, A. Bizzeti27,d, T. Blake57,e, F. Blanc50, J. E. Blank19, S. Blusk69, J. A. Boelhauve19, O. Boente Garcia49, T. Boettcher90, A. Bohare59, C. Bolognani19, R. Bolzonella26,f, R. B. Bonacci1, A. Bordelius49, F. Borgato33,49, S. Borghi63, M. Borsato31,c, J. T. Borsuk86, E. Bottalico61, S. A. Bouchiba50, M. Bovill64, T. J. V. Bowcock61, A. Boyer49, C. Bozzi26, J. D. Brandenburg91, A. Brea Rodriguez50, N. Breer19, C. Breitfeld19, J. Brodzicka41, J. Brown61, D. Brundu32, E. Buchanan59, M. Burgos Marcos84, C. Burr49, C. Buti27, J. S. Butter56, J. Buytaert49, W. Byczynski49, S. Cadeddu32, H. Cai75, Y. Cai5, A. Caillet16, R. Calabrese26,f, L. Calefice45, M. Calvi31,c, M. Calvo Gomez46, P. Camargo Magalhaes2,g, J. I. Cambon Bouzas47, P. Campana28, A. C. Campos3, A. F. Campoverde Quezada7, Y. Cao6, S. Capelli31,c, M. Caporale25, L. Capriotti33, R. Caravaca-Mora9, A. Carbone25,h, L. Carcedo Salgado47, R. Cardinale29,i, A. Cardini32, P. Carniti31, L. Carus22, A. Casais Vidal65, R. Caspary22, G. Casse61, M. Cattaneo49, G. Cavallero26, V. Cavallini26,f, S. Celani49, I. Celestino35,j, S. Cesare49,k, A. J. Chadwick61, I. Chahrour89, M. Charles16, Ph. Charpentier49, E. Chatzianagnostou38, R. Cheaib80, M. Chefdeville10, C. Chen57, J. Chen50, S. Chen5, Z. Chen7, A. Chen Hu62, M. Cherif12, S. Chernyshenko53, X. Chiotopoulos84, G. Chizhik1, V. Chobanova44, M. Chrzaszcz41, V. Chulikov28,49,36, P. Ciambrone28, X. Cid Vidal47, P. Cifra49, P. E. L. Clarke59, M. Clemencic49, H. V. Cliff56, J. Closier49, C. Cocha Toapaxi22, V. Coco49, J. Cogan13, E. Cogneras11, L. Cojocariu43, S. Collaviti50, P. Collins49, T. Colombo49, M. Colonna19, A. Comerma-Montells45, L. Congedo24, J. Connaughton57, A. Contu32, N. Cooke60, G. Cordova35,j, C. Coronel66, I. Corredoira12, A. Correia16, G. Corti49, G. C. Costantino61, J. Cottee Meldrum55, B. Couturier49, D. C. Craik51, N. Crepet14, M. Cruz Torres2,l, M. Cubero Campos9, E. Curras Rivera50, R. Currie59, C. L. Da Silva68, X. Dai4, J. Dalseno44, C. D’Ambrosio62, G. Darze3, A. Davidson57, J. E. Davies63, O. De Aguiar Francisco63, C. De Angelis32,m, F. De Benedetti49, J. de Boer38, K. De Bruyn83, S. De Capua63, M. De Cian63, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca2, E. De Lucia28, J. M. De Miranda2, L. De Paula3, M. De Serio24,n, P. De Simone28, F. De Vellis19, J. A. de Vries84, F. Debernardis24, D. Decamp10, S. Dekkers1, L. Del Buono16, B. Delaney65, J. Deng8, V. Denysenko51, O. Deschamps11, F. Dettori32,m, B. Dey80, P. Di Nezza28, S. Ding69, Y. Ding50, L. Dittmann22, A. D. Docheva60, A. Doheny57, C. Dong4, F. Dordei32, A. C. dos Reis2, A. D. Dowling69, L. Dreyfus13, W. Duan73, P. Duda86, L. Dufour50, V. Duk34, P. Durante49, M. M. Duras86, J. M. Durham68, O. D. Durmus80, K. Duwe49, A. Dziurda41, S. Easo58, E. Eckstein18, U. Egede1, S. Eisenhardt59, E. Ejopu61, L. Eklund87, M. Elashri66, D. Elizondo Blanco9, J. Ellbracht19, S. Ely62, A. Ene43, J. Eschle69, T. Evans38, F. Fabiano14, S. Faghih66, L. N. Falcao31,c, B. Fang7, R. Fantechi35, L. Fantini34,o, M. Faria50, K. Farmer59, F. Fassin83,38, D. Fazzini31,c, L. Felkowski86, C. Feng6, M. Feng5,7, A. Fernandez Casani48, M. Fernandez Gomez47, A. D. Fernez67, F. Ferrari25,h, F. Ferreira Rodrigues3, M. Ferrillo51, M. Ferro-Luzzi49, R. A. Fini24, M. Fiorini26,f, M. Firlej40, K. L. Fischer64, D. S. Fitzgerald89, C. Fitzpatrick63, T. Fiutowski40, F. Fleuret15, A. Fomin52, M. Fontana25,49, L. A. Foreman63, R. Forty49, D. Foulds-Holt59, V. Franco Lima3, M. Franco Sevilla67, M. Frank49, E. Franzoso26,f, G. Frau63, C. Frei49, D. A. Friday63,49, J. Fu7, Q. Führing19,56,b, T. Fulghesu13, G. Galati24,n, M. D. Galati38, A. Gallas Torreira47, D. Galli25,h, S. Gambetta59, M. Gandelman3, P. Gandini30, B. Ganie63, H. Gao7, R. Gao64, T. Q. Gao56, Y. Gao8, Y. Gao6, Y. Gao8, L. M. Garcia Martin50, P. Garcia Moreno45, J. García Pardiñas65, P. Gardner67, L. Garrido45, C. Gaspar49, A. Gavrikov33, E. Gersabeck20, M. Gersabeck20, T. Gershon57, S. Ghizzo29,i, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam55, F. I. Giasemis16,p, V. Gibson56, H. K. Giemza42, A. L. Gilman66, M. Giovannetti28, A. Gioventù47, L. Girardey63,58, M. A. Giza41, F. C. Glaser22, V. V. Gligorov16, C. Göbel70, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko88, E. Golobardes46, A. Golutvin62,49, S. Gomez Fernandez45, W. Gomulka40, F. Goncalves Abrantes64, I. Gonçales Vaz49, M. Goncerz41, G. Gong4,q, J. A. Gooding19, C. Gotti31, E. Govorkova65, J. P. Grabowski30, L. A. Granado Cardoso49, E. Graugés45, E. Graverini35,50,r, L. Grazette57, G. Graziani27, A. T. Grecu43, N. A. Grieser66, L. Grillo60, C. Gu15, M. Guarise26, L. Guerry11, A.-K. Guseinov50, Y. Guz6, T. Gys49, K. Habermann18, T. Hadavizadeh1, C. Hadjivasiliou67, G. Haefeli50, C. Haen49, S. Haken56, G. Hallett57, P. M. Hamilton67, Q. Han33, X. Han22,49, S. Hansmann-Menzemer22, N. Harnew64, T. J. Harris1, M. Hartmann14, S. Hashmi40, J. He7,s, N. Heatley14, A. Hedes63, F. Hemmer49, C. Henderson66, R. Henderson14, R. D. L. Henderson1, A. M. Hennequin49, K. Hennessy61, J. Herd62, P. Herrero Gascon22, J. Heuel17, A. Heyn13, A. Hicheur3, G. Hijano Mendizabal51, J. Horswill63, R. Hou8, Y. Hou11, D. C. Houston60, N. Howarth61, W. Hu7,s, X. Hu4, W. Hulsbergen38, R. J. Hunter57, D. Hutchcroft61, M. Idzik40, P. Ilten66, A. Iohner10, H. Jage17, S. J. Jaimes Elles77,48,49, S. Jakobsen49, T. Jakoubek78, E. Jans38, A. Jawahery67, C. Jayaweera54, A. Jelavic1, V. Jevtic19, Z. Jia16, E. Jiang67, X. Jiang5,7, Y. Jiang7, Y. J. Jiang6, E. Jimenez Moya9, N. Jindal91, M. John64, A. John Rubesh Rajan23, D. Johnson54, C. R. Jones56, S. Joshi42, B. Jost49, J. Juan Castella56, N. Jurik49, I. Juszczak41, K. Kalecinska40, D. Kaminaris50, S. Kandybei52, M. Kane59, Y. Kang4,q, C. Kar11, M. Karacson49, A. Kauniskangas50, J. W. Kautz66, M. K. Kazanecki41, F. Keizer49, M. Kenzie56, T. Ketel38, B. Khanji69, S. Kholodenko62,49, G. Khreich14, F. Kiraz14, T. Kirn17, V. S. Kirsebom31,c, N. Kleijne35,j, A. Kleimenova50, D. K. Klekots88, K. Klimaszewski42, M. R. Kmiec42, T. Knospe19, R. Kolb22, S. Koliiev53, L. Kolk19, A. Konoplyannikov6, P. Kopciewicz49, P. Koppenburg38, A. Korchin52, I. Kostiuk38, O. Kot53, S. Kotriakhova32, E. Kowalczyk67, O. Kravcov81, M. Kreps57, W. Krupa49, W. Krzemien42, O. Kshyvanskyi53, S. Kubis86, M. Kucharczyk41, A. Kupsc87,42, V. Kushnir52, B. Kutsenko13, J. Kvapil68, I. Kyryllin52, D. Lacarrere49, P. Laguarta Gonzalez45, A. Lai32, A. Lampis32, D. Lancierini62, C. Landesa Gomez47, J. J. Lane1, G. Lanfranchi28, C. Langenbruch22, T. Latham57, F. Lazzari35,r, C. Lazzeroni54, R. Le Gac13, H. Lee61, R. Lefèvre11, M. Lehuraux57, E. Lemos Cid49, O. Leroy13, T. Lesiak41, E. D. Lesser68, B. Leverington22, A. Li4,q, C. Li4, C. Li13, H. Li73, J. Li8, K. Li76, L. Li63, P. Li7, P.-R. Li74, Q. Li5,7, T. Li72, T. Li73, Y. Li8, Y. Li5, Y. Li4, Z. Lian4,q, Q. Liang8, X. Liang69, Z. Liang32, S. Libralon48, A. Lightbody12, J. Lin90, T. Lin58, R. Lindner49, H. Linton62, R. Litvinov66, D. Liu8, F. L. Liu1, G. Liu73, K. Liu74, S. Liu5, W. Liu8, Y. Liu59, Y. Liu74, Y. L. Liu62, G. Loachamin Ordonez70, I. Lobo1, A. Lobo Salvia10, A. Loi32, T. Long56, F. C. L. Lopes2,g, J. H. Lopes3, A. Lopez Huertas45, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray47, Q. Lu15, C. Lucarelli49, D. Lucchesi33,t, M. Lucio Martinez48, Y. Luo6, A. Lupato33,u, M. Lupberger20, E. Luppi26,f, K. Lynch23, S. Lyu6, X.-R. Lyu7, H. Ma72, S. Maccolini49, F. Machefert14, F. Maciuc43, B. Mack69, I. Mackay64, L. M. Mackey69, L. R. Madhan Mohan56, M. J. Madurai54, D. Magdalinski38, J. J. Malczewski41, S. Malde64, L. Malentacca49, G. Manca32,m, G. Mancinelli13, C. Mancuso14, R. Manera Escalero45, A. Mangalasseri80, F. M. Manganella37, D. Manuzzi25, S. Mao7, D. Marangotto30,k, J. F. Marchand10, R. Marchevski50, U. Marconi25, E. Mariani16, S. Mariani49, C. Marin Benito45, J. Marks22, A. M. Marshall55, L. Martel64, G. Martelli19, G. Martellotti36, L. Martinazzoli49, M. Martinelli31,c, C. Martinez3, D. Martinez Gomez83, D. Martinez Santos44, F. Martinez Vidal48, A. Martorell i Granollers46, A. Massafferri2, R. Matev49, A. Mathad49, C. Matteuzzi69, K. R. Mattioli15, A. Mauri62, E. Maurice15, J. Mauricio45, P. Mayencourt50, J. Mazorra de Cos48, M. Mazurek42, D. Mazzanti Tarancon45, M. McCann62, N. T. McHugh60, A. McNab63, R. McNulty23, B. Meadows66, S. E. R. Medaer49, D. Melnychuk42, D. Mendoza Granada16, P. Menendez Valdes Perez47, F. M. Meng4,q, M. Merk38,84, A. Merli50,30, L. Meyer Garcia67, D. Miao5,7, H. Miao30, M. Mikhasenko79, D. A. Milanes85, A. Minotti31,c, E. Minucci28, B. Mitreska63, D. S. Mitzel19, R. Mocanu43, A. Modak58, L. Moeser19, R. D. Moise17, E. F. Molina Cardenas89, T. Mombächer47, M. Monk56, T. Monnard50, S. Monteil11, A. Morcillo Gomez47, G. Morello28, M. J. Morello35,j, M. P. Morgenthaler22, A. Moro31,c, J. Moron40, W. Morren38, A. B. Morris81,49, A. G. Morris13, R. Mountain69, Z. Mu6, N. Muangkod65, E. Muhammad57, F. Muheim59, M. Mulder19, K. Müller51, F. Muñoz-Rojas9, V. Mytrochenko52, P. Naik61, T. Nakada50, R. Nandakumar58, G. Napoletano50, I. Nasteva3, M. Needham59, N. Neri30,k, S. Neubert18, N. Neufeld49, J. Nicolini49, D. Nicotra84, E. M. Niel15, L. Nisi19, Q. Niu74, B. K. Njoki49, P. Nogarolli3, P. Nogga18, C. Normand47, J. Novoa Fernandez47, G. Nowak66, H. N. Nur60, A. Oblakowska-Mucha40, T. Oeser17, O. Okhrimenko53, R. Oldeman32,m, F. Oliva59,49, E. Olivart Pino45, M. Olocco19, R. H. O’Neil49, J. S. Ordonez Soto11, D. Osthues19, J. M. Otalora Goicochea3, P. Owen51, A. Oyanguren48, O. Ozcelik49, F. Paciolla35,v, A. Padee42, K. O. Padeken18, B. Pagare47, T. Pajero49, A. Palano24, L. Palini30, M. Palutan28, C. Pan75, X. Pan4,q, S. Panebianco12, S. Paniskaki49, L. Paolucci63, A. Papanestis58, M. Pappagallo24,n, L. L. Pappalardo26, C. Pappenheimer66, C. Parkes63, D. Parmar79, G. Passaleva27, D. Passaro35,j, A. Pastore24, M. Patel62, J. Patoc64, C. Patrignani25,h, A. Paul69, C. J. Pawley84, A. Pellegrino38, J. Peng5,7, X. Peng74, M. Pepe Altarelli28, S. Perazzini25, H. Pereira Da Costa68, M. Pereira Martinez47, A. Pereiro Castro47, C. Perez46, P. Perret11, A. Perrevoort83, A. Perro49, M. J. Peters66, K. Petridis55, A. Petrolini29,i, S. Pezzulo29,i, J. P. Pfaller66, H. Pham69, L. Pica35,j, M. Piccini34, L. Piccolo32, B. Pietrzyk10, R. N. Pilato61, D. Pinci36, F. Pisani49, M. Pizzichemi31,49,c, V. M. Placinta43, M. Plo Casasus47, T. Poeschl49, F. Polci16, M. Poli Lener28, A. Poluektov13, I. Polyakov63, E. Polycarpo3, S. Ponce49, D. Popov7,49, K. Popp19, K. Prasanth59, C. Prouve44, D. Provenzano32,49,m, V. Pugatch53, A. Puicercus Gomez49, G. Punzi35,r, J. R. Pybus68, Q. Qian6, W. Qian7, N. Qin4,q, R. Quagliani49, R. I. Rabadan Trejo57, B. Rachwal40, R. Racz81, J. H. Rademacker55, M. Rama35, M. Ramírez García89, V. Ramos De Oliveira70, M. Ramos Pernas49, M. S. Rangel3, G. Raven39, M. Rebollo De Miguel48, F. Redi30,u, J. Reich55, F. Reiss20, Z. Ren7, P. K. Resmi64, M. Ribalda Galvez45, R. Ribatti50, G. Ricart12, D. Riccardi35,j, S. Ricciardi58, K. Richardson65, M. Richardson-Slipper56, F. Riehn19, K. Rinnert61, P. Robbe14,49, G. Robertson60, E. Rodrigues61, A. Rodriguez Alvarez45, E. Rodriguez Fernandez47, J. A. Rodriguez Lopez77, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez49, J. Roensch19, A. Rogovskiy58, D. L. Rolf19, P. Roloff49, V. Romanovskiy66, A. Romero Vidal47, G. Romolini26,49, F. Ronchetti50, T. Rong6, M. Rotondo28, M. S. Rudolph69, M. Ruiz Diaz22, J. Ruiz Vidal84, J. J. Saavedra-Arias9, J. J. Saborido Silva47, D. Sahoo80, N. Sahoo54, B. Saitta32, M. Salomoni31,49,c, I. Sanderswood48, R. Santacesaria36, C. Santamarina Rios47, M. Santimaria28, L. Santoro2, E. Santovetti37, A. Saputi26,49, A. Sarnatskiy83, G. Sarpis49, M. Sarpis81, C. Satriano36, A. Satta37, M. Saur74, H. Sazak17, F. Sborzacchi49,28, A. Scarabotto19, S. Schael17, S. Scherl61, M. Schiller22, H. Schindler49, M. Schmelling21, B. Schmidt49, N. Schmidt68, S. Schmitt65, H. Schmitz18, O. Schneider50, A. Schopper62, N. Schulte19, M. H. Schune14, G. Schwering17, B. Sciascia28, A. Sciuccati49, G. Scriven84, I. Segal79, S. Sellam47, M. Senghi Soares39, A. Sergi29,i, N. Serra51, L. Sestini27, B. Sevilla Sanjuan46, Y. Shang6, D. M. Shangase89, R. S. Sharma69, L. Shchutska50, T. Shears61, J. Shen6, Z. Shen38, S. Sheng50, B. Shi7, J. Shi56, Q. Shi7, W. S. Shi73, E. Shmanin25, R. Silva Coutinho2, G. Simi33,t, S. Simone24,n, M. Singha80, I. Siral50, N. Skidmore57, T. Skwarnicki69, M. W. Slater54, E. Smith65, M. Smith62, L. Soares Lavra59, M. D. Sokoloff66, F. J. P. Soler60, A. Solomin55, K. Solovieva20, N. S. Sommerfeld18, R. Song1, Y. Song50, Y. Song4,q, Y. S. Song6, F. L. Souza De Almeida45, B. Souza De Paula3, K. M. Sowa40, E. Spadaro Norella29,i, E. Spedicato25, J. G. Speer19, P. Spradlin60, F. Stagni49, M. Stahl79, S. Stahl49, S. Stanislaus64, M. Stefaniak91, O. Steinkamp51, F. Suljik64, J. Sun63, L. Sun75, M. Sun6, D. Sundfeld2, W. Sutcliffe51, P. Svihra78, V. Svintozelskyi48, K. Swientek40, F. Swystun56, A. Szabelski42, T. Szumlak40, Y. Tan7, Y. Tang75, Y. T. Tang7, M. D. Tat22, J. A. Teijeiro Jimenez47, F. Terzuoli35,v, F. Teubert49, E. Thomas49, D. J. D. Thompson54, A. R. Thomson-Strong59, H. Tilquin62, V. Tisserand11, S. T’Jampens10, M. Tobin5,49, T. T. Todorov20, L. Tomassetti26,f, G. Tonani30, X. Tong6, T. Tork30, L. Toscano19, D. Y. Tou4,q, C. Trippl46, G. Tuci22, N. Tuning38, L. H. Uecker22, A. Ukleja40, A. Upadhyay49, B. Urbach59, A. Usachov38, U. Uwer22, V. Vagnoni25,49, A. Vaitkevicius81, V. Valcarce Cadenas47, G. Valenti25, N. Valls Canudas49, J. van Eldik49, H. Van Hecke68, E. van Herwijnen62, C. B. Van Hulse47,w, R. Van Laak50, M. van Veghel84, G. Vasquez51, R. Vazquez Gomez45, P. Vazquez Regueiro47, C. Vázquez Sierra44, S. Vecchi26, J. Velilla Serna48, J. J. Velthuis55, M. Veltri27,x, A. Venkateswaran50, M. Verdoglia32, M. Vesterinen57, W. Vetens69, D. Vico Benet64, P. Vidrier Villalba45, M. Vieites Diaz47, X. Vilasis-Cardona46, E. Vilella Figueras61, A. Villa50, P. Vincent16, B. Vivacqua3, F. C. Volle54, D. vom Bruch13, K. Vos84, C. Vrahas59, J. Wagner19, J. Walsh35, N. Walter49, E. J. Walton1, G. Wan6, A. Wang7, B. Wang5, C. Wang22, G. Wang8, H. Wang74, J. Wang7, J. Wang5, J. Wang4,q, J. Wang75, M. Wang49, N. W. Wang7, R. Wang55, X. Wang4, X. Wang8, X. Wang73, X. W. Wang62, Y. Wang76, Y. Wang6, Y. H. Wang74, Z. Wang14, Z. Wang30, J. A. Ward57,1, M. Waterlaat49, N. K. Watson54, D. Websdale62, Y. Wei6, Z. Weida7, J. Wendel44, B. D. C. Westhenry55, C. White56, M. Whitehead60, E. Whiter54, A. R. Wiederhold63, D. Wiedner19, M. A. Wiegertjes38, C. Wild64, G. Wilkinson64, M. K. Wilkinson66, M. Williams65, M. J. Williams49, M. R. J. Williams59, R. Williams56, S. Williams55, Z. Williams55, F. F. Wilson58, M. Winn12, W. Wislicki42, M. Witek41, L. Witola19, T. Wolf22, E. Wood56, G. Wormser14, S. A. Wotton56, H. Wu69, J. Wu8, X. Wu75, Y. Wu6,56, Z. Wu7, K. Wyllie49, S. Xian73, Z. Xiang5, Y. Xie8, T. X. Xing30, A. Xu35,j, L. Xu4,q, M. Xu49, R. Xu89, Z. Xu49, Z. Xu92, Z. Xu7, Z. Xu5, S. Yadav26, K. Yang62, X. Yang6, Y. Yang80, Y. Yang7, Z. Yang6, Z. Yang4, H. Yeung63, H. Yin8, X. Yin7, C. Y. Yu6, J. Yu72, X. Yuan5, Y Yuan5,7, J. A. Zamora Saa71, M. Zavertyaev21, M. Zdybal41, F. Zenesini25, C. Zeng5,7, M. Zeng4,q, S. H Zeng55, C. Zhang6, D. Zhang8, J. Zhang42, L. Zhang4,q, R. Zhang8, S. Zhang64, S. L. Zhang72, Y. Zhang6, Z. Zhang4,q, J. Zhao7, Y. Zhao22, A. Zhelezov22, S. Z. Zheng6, X. Z. Zheng4,q, Y. Zheng7, T. Zhou41, X. Zhou8, V. Zhovkovska57, L. Z. Zhu59, X. Zhu4,q, X. Zhu8, Y. Zhu17, V. Zhukov17, J. Zhuo48, D. Zuliani33,t, and G. Zunica28 (LHCb Collaboration)

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
  • 2Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 3Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 4Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  • 5Institute Of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, China
  • 6School of Physics State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
  • 7University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 8Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 9Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE), San Jose, Costa Rica
  • 10Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy, France
  • 11Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
  • 12Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
  • 13Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
  • 14Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
  • 15Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
  • 16Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
  • 17I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
  • 18Universität Bonn - Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen und Kernphysik, Bonn, Germany
  • 19Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
  • 20Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
  • 21Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
  • 22Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 23School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
  • 24INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
  • 25INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 26INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
  • 27INFN Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
  • 28INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
  • 29INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
  • 30INFN Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
  • 31INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
  • 32INFN Sezione di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
  • 33INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
  • 34INFN Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  • 35INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
  • 36INFN Sezione di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
  • 37INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
  • 38Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 39Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 40AGH - University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
  • 41Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  • 42National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
  • 43Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
  • 44Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
  • 45ICCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  • 46La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
  • 47Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 48Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia - CSIC, Valencia, Spain
  • 49European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
  • 50Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 51Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
  • 52NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine
  • 53Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences (KINR), Kyiv, Ukraine
  • 54School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • 55H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  • 56Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 57Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  • 58STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
  • 59School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  • 60School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  • 61Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  • 62Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 63Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • 64Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 65Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
  • 66University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
  • 67University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
  • 68Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
  • 69Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
  • 70Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [associated with Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]
  • 71Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (associated with Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland)
  • 72School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha City, China (associated with Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China)
  • 73State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China (associated with Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China)
  • 74Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China [associated with Institute Of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, China]
  • 75School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (associated with Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China)
  • 76Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China (associated with Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China)
  • 77Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia [associated with Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France]
  • 78Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (associated with Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom)
  • 79Ruhr Universitaet Bochum, Fakultaet f. Physik und Astronomie, Bochum, Germany (associated with Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany)
  • 80Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary [associated with European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland]
  • 81Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (associated with Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany)
  • 82Institute of Physics and Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia [associated with Institute Of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, China]
  • 83Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (associated with Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands)
  • 84Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands (associated with Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands)
  • 85Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología (UTEC), Lima, Peru (associated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)
  • 86Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland (associated with Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland)
  • 87Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (associated with School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom)
  • 88Taras Schevchenko University of Kyiv, Faculty of Physics, Kyiv, Ukraine (associated with Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France)
  • 89University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA (associated with Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA)
  • 90Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA [associated with Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA]
  • 91Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA [associated with Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA]
  • 92Kent State University Physics Department, Kent, Ohio, USA [associated with Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA]

  • *Full author list given at the end of the Letter.
  • aDeceased.
  • bAlso at Lamarr Institute for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Dortmund, Germany.
  • cAlso at Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
  • dAlso at Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
  • eAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
  • fAlso at Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
  • gAlso at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
  • hAlso at Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
  • iAlso at Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
  • jAlso at Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.
  • kAlso at Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
  • lAlso at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • mAlso at Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
  • nAlso at Università di Bari, Bari, Italy.
  • oAlso at Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
  • pAlso at LIP6, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
  • qAlso at Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
  • rAlso at Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
  • sAlso at Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China.
  • tAlso at Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
  • uAlso at Università di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.
  • vAlso at Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.
  • wAlso at Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
  • xAlso at Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 072301 – Published 11 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yr8h-pd77

Abstract

The onset of nuclear effects in light-ion collisions is studied by measuring the ratio of D0 meson production between NeNe and OO collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.36 TeV recorded by the LHCb detector. The D0 meson yields are measured differentially in transverse momentum (pT) for 0.5<pT<20  GeV in the rapidity (y) region 2.0<y<4.5, and are normalized to the total number of recorded inelastic nucleus-nucleus collisions in each data sample. The resulting production ratio shows evidence of variation as a function of pT, which is inconsistent with predictions based on nuclear modification of nucleon structure alone. This measurement is consistent with the onset of quark-gluon plasma production with increasing nucleus size in high-energy nuclear collisions.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (52)

  1. W. Busza, K. Rajagopal, and W. van der Schee, Heavy ion collisions: The big picture, and the big questions, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 68, 339 (2018).
  2. J. Adams et al. (STAR Collaboration), Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration’s critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions, Nucl. Phys. A757, 102 (2005).
  3. K. Adcox et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration, Nucl. Phys. A757, 184 (2005).
  4. I. Arsene et al. (BRAHMS Collaboration), Quark gluon plasma and color glass condensate at RHIC? The Perspective from the BRAHMS experiment, Nucl. Phys. A757, 1 (2005).
  5. B. B. Back et al. (PHOBOS Collaboration), The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC, Nucl. Phys. A757, 28 (2005).
  6. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Rapidity and multiplicity dependence of charged-particle flow in pPb collisions at sNN=8.16  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2025) 124.
  7. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Measurements of long-range near-side angular correlations in sNN=5  TeV proton-lead collisions in the forward region, Phys. Lett. B 762, 473 (2016).
  8. S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Observation of long-range near-side angular correlations in pPb collisions at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B 718, 795 (2013).
  9. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in sNN=5.02  TeV proton-Lead collisions with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 182302 (2013).
  10. B. Abelev et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02  TeV, Phys. Lett. B 719, 29 (2013).
  11. C. Aidala et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Measurements of multiparticle correlations in d+Au collisions at 200, 62.4, 39, and 19.6 GeV and p+Au collisions at 200 GeV and implications for collective behavior, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 062302 (2018).
  12. PHENIX Collaboration, Creation of quark–gluon plasma droplets with three distinct geometries, Nat. Phys. 15, 214 (2019).
  13. M. I. Abdulhamid et al. (STAR Collaboration), Measurements of the elliptic and triangular azimuthal anisotropies in central He3+Au, d+Au and p+Au collisions at sNN=200  GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 242301 (2023).
  14. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Multiplicity dependence of σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ in pp collisions at s=13  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 243.
  15. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Measurement of ψ(2S) to J/ψ cross-section ratio as function of multiplicity in pPb collisions at sqsnn=8.16  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2025) 169.
  16. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Observation of strangeness enhancement with charm mesons in high-multiplicity pPb collisions at sNN=8.16  TeV, Phys. Rev. D 110, L031105 (2024).
  17. J. Adam et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Enhanced production of multi-strange hadrons in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions, Nat. Phys. 13, 535 (2017).
  18. V. Chekhovsky et al. (CMS Collaboration), Search for jet quenching with dijets from high-multiplicity pPb collisions at sNN=8.16  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2025) 118.
  19. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Strong constraints on jet quenching in centrality-dependent p+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV from ATLAS, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 072301 (2023).
  20. S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Constraints on jet quenching in p-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02  TeV measured by the event-activity dependence of semi-inclusive hadron-jet distributions, Phys. Lett. B 783, 95 (2018).
  21. X. Dong, Y.-J. Lee, and R. Rapp, Open heavy-flavor production in heavy-ion collisions, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 69, 417 (2019).
  22. M. He, H. van Hees, and R. Rapp, Heavy-quark diffusion in the quark–gluon plasma, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 130, 104020 (2023).
  23. S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Prompt D0, D+, and D*+ production in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2022) 174.
  24. A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Bottom quark energy loss and hadronization with B+ and Bs0 nuclear modification factors using pp and PbPb collisions at sNN=5.02  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2025) 195.
  25. S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Measurement of beauty production via non-prompt D0 mesons in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2022) 126.
  26. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in sNN=5.36  TeV O16+O16 and Ne20+Ne20 collisions with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. C 113, 045205 (2026).
  27. I. J. Abualrob et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Evidence of nuclear geometry-driven anisotropic flow in OO and Ne–Ne collisions at sNN=5.36  TeV, arXiv:2509.06428.
  28. A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Observation of long-range collective flow in OO and NeNe collisions and implications for nuclear structure studies, arXiv:2510.02580.
  29. A. Huss, A. Kurkela, A. Mazeliauskas, R. Paatelainen, W. van der Schee, and U. A. Wiedemann, Discovering partonic rescattering in light nucleus collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 192301 (2021).
  30. J. Brewer, A. Mazeliauskas, and W. van der Schee, Opportunities of OO and pO collisions at the LHC, arXiv:2103.01939.
  31. A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Observation of suppressed charged-particle production in ultrarelativistic oxygen-oxygen collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 162301 (2026).
  32. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), The LHCb Upgrade I, J. Instrum. 19, P05065 (2024).
  33. A. A. Alves Jr. et al. (LHCb Collaboration), The LHCb detector at the LHC, J. Instrum. 3, S08005 (2008).
  34. LHCb Collaboration, LHCb tracker upgrade technical design report, CERN-LHCC-2014-001, CERN, 2014.
  35. LHCb Collaboration, LHCb PID upgrade technical design report, CERN-LHCC-2013-022, 2013.
  36. T. Sjöstrand, S. Mrenna, and P. Skands, A brief introduction to pythia 8.1, Comput. Phys. Commun. 178, 852 (2008).
  37. I. Belyaev et al., Handling of the generation of primary events in Gauss, the LHCb simulation framework, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 331, 032047 (2011).
  38. T. Pierog, I. Karpenko, J. M. Katzy, E. Yatsenko, and K. Werner, EPOS LHC: Test of collective hadronization with data measured at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, Phys. Rev. C 92, 034906 (2015).
  39. D. J. Lange, The evtgen particle decay simulation package, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 462, 152 (2001).
  40. N. Davidson, T. Przedzinski, and Z. Was, photos interface in c++: Technical and physics documentation, Comput. Phys. Commun. 199, 86 (2016).
  41. S. Agostinelli et al. (geant4 Collaboration), geant4: A simulation toolkit, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 506, 250 (2003).
  42. J. Allison et al. (geant4 Collaboration), geant4 developments and applications, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 53, 270 (2006).
  43. M. Clemencic, G. Corti, S. Easo, C. R. Jones, S. Miglioranzi, M. Pappagallo, and P. Robbe, The LHCb simulation application, Gauss: Design, evolution and experience, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 331, 032023 (2011).
  44. H. Dembinski et al., scikit-hep/iminuit, version v2.32.0, 10.5281/zenodo.17565861.
  45. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  46. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Measurements of prompt charm production cross-sections in p p collisions at s=13  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2016) 159; 09 (2016) 13; 05 (2017) 74.
  47. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/yr8h-pd77 for additional plots.
  48. S. S. Wilks, The large-sample distribution of the likelihood ratio for testing composite hypotheses, Ann. Math. Stat. 9, 60 (1938).
  49. K. J. Eskola, P. Paakkinen, H. Paukkunen, and C. A. Salgado, EPPS21: A global QCD analysis of nuclear PDFs, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 413 (2022).
  50. I. Helenius and H. Paukkunen, Revisiting the D -meson hadroproduction in general-mass variable flavour number scheme, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2018) 196.
  51. C. Loizides, Glauber predictions for oxygen and neon collisions at LHC, Phys. Rev. C 113, 014914 (2026).
  52. W. Ke and I. Vitev, Searching for QGP droplets with high-pT hadrons and heavy flavor, Phys. Rev. C 107, 064903 (2023).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation