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    Mirages and Large TeV Halo-Pulsar Offsets from Cosmic-Ray Propagation

    Yiwei Bao1,2,3,4, Gwenael Giacinti1,2,5,*, Ruo-Yu Liu3,4,†, Hai-Ming Zhang6, and Yang Chen3,4,‡

    • 1Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
    • 2School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
    • 3School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
    • 4Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
    • 5Key Laboratory for Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology (Ministry of Education) & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
    • 6Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China

    • *Contact author: gwenael.giacinti@sjtu.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: ryliu@nju.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: ygchen@nju.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 191002 – Published 3 November, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xqvb-lkrr

    Abstract

    The study of extended γ-ray sources usually assumes symmetric diffusion of cosmic rays. However, recent observations of multiple sources near single pulsars and significant offsets between TeV halo centroids and their parent pulsars suggest that this assumption is overly simplistic. In this Letter, we demonstrate that asymmetric propagation of cosmic rays near their accelerators may create multiple TeV sources instead of a single symmetric source. This mechanism also explains the large offsets between TeV halo centroids and their parent pulsars. We demonstrate that several perplexing detected sources can be naturally interpreted without invoking additional invisible accelerators.

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