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Classical Simulation of Circuits with Realistic Odd-Dimensional Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill States

Cameron Calcluth1,*, Oliver Hahn1,2, Juani Bermejo-Vega3, Alessandro Ferraro4,5, and Giulia Ferrini1

  • *Contact author: calcluth@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 010601 – Published 1 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xmtw-g54f

Abstract

Classically simulating circuits with bosonic codes is challenging due to the prohibitive cost of simulating quantum systems with many, possibly infinite, energy levels. We propose an algorithm to simulate circuits with encoded Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states, specifically for odd-dimensional encoded qudits. Our approach is tailored to be especially effective in the most challenging but practically relevant regime, where the codeword states exhibit high (but finite) squeezing. Our algorithm leverages the Zak-Gross Wigner function introduced by Davis, Fabre, and Chabaud, which represents infinitely squeezed encoded stabilizer states positively. The run-time of the algorithm scales with the negativity of the Wigner function, allowing for efficient simulation of certain large-scale circuits—namely, input stabilizer GKP states undergoing generalized GKP-encoded Clifford operations followed by modular measurement—with a high degree of squeezing. For stabilizer GKP states exhibiting 12 dB of squeezing, our algorithm can simulate circuits with up to 1000 modes with less than double the number of samples required for a single input mode, which is in stark contrast to existing simulators. Therefore, this approach holds significant potential for benchmarking early implementations of quantum computing architectures utilizing bosonic codes.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 010601– Published 1 July, 2025
  • Received 20 December 2024
  • Revised 7 May 2025
  • Accepted 14 May 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by Bibsam.

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