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Precision Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters with 10 Years of Data from the NOvA Experiment

S. Abubakar¹², M. A. Acero², B. Acharya³², P. Adamson¹³, N. Anfimov²⁷, A. Antoshkin²⁷, E. Arrieta-Diaz²⁸, L. Asquith⁴¹, A. Aurisano⁷ et al. (The NOvA Collaboration)

A. Aurisano⁷, D. Azevedo¹⁵, A. Back^21,25, N. Balashov²⁷, P. Baldi²⁶, B. A. Bambah¹⁸, E. F. Bannister⁴¹, A. Barros², A. Bat^3,12, R. Bernstein¹³, T. J. C. Bezerra⁴¹, V. Bhatnagar³⁵, B. Bhuyan¹⁶, J. Bian^26,31, A. C. Booth^37,41, R. Bowles²¹, B. Brahma¹⁹, C. Bromberg²⁹, N. Buchanan⁹, A. Butkevich²³, S. Calvez⁹, T. J. Carroll^43,49, E. Catano-Mur⁴⁸, J. P. Cesar⁴³, S. Chaudhary¹⁶, R. Chirco²⁰, S. Choate⁵⁰, B. C. Choudhary¹¹, O. T. K. Chow³⁷, A. Christensen⁹, M. F. Cicala⁴⁵, T. E. Coan⁴⁰, T. Contreras¹³, A. Cooleybeck⁴⁹, D. Coveyou⁴⁶, L. Cremonesi³⁷, G. S. Davies³², P. F. Derwent¹³, P. Ding¹³, Z. Djurcic¹, K. Dobbs¹⁷, M. Dolce⁴⁷, D. Dueñas Tonguino⁷, E. C. Dukes⁴⁶, A. Dye³², R. Ehrlich⁴⁶, E. Ewart²¹, G. J. Feldman⁵¹, P. Filip²⁴, M. J. Frank³⁸, H. R. Gallagher⁴⁴, F. Gao³⁶, A. Giri¹⁹, R. A. Gomes¹⁵, M. C. Goodman¹, R. Group⁴⁶, A. Habig³⁰, F. Hakl²², J. Hartnell⁴¹, R. Hatcher¹³, J. M. Hays³⁷, M. He¹⁷, K. Heller³¹, V. Hewes⁷, A. Himmel¹³, T. Horoho⁴⁶, X. Huang³², A. Ivanova²⁷, B. Jargowsky²⁶, I. Kakorin²⁷, A. Kalitkina²⁷, D. M. Kaplan²⁰, A. Khanam⁴², B. Kirezli¹², J. Kleykamp³², O. Klimov²⁷, L. W. Koerner¹⁷, L. Kolupaeva²⁷, R. Kralik⁴¹, A. Kumar³⁵, C. D. Kuruppu³⁹, V. Kus¹⁰, T. Lackey^13,21, K. Lang⁴³, J. Lesmeister¹⁷, A. Lister⁴⁹, J. Liu²⁶, J. A. Lock⁴¹, M. MacMahon⁴⁵, S. Magill¹, W. A. Mann⁴⁴, M. T. Manoharan⁸, M. Manrique Plata²¹, M. L. Marshak³¹, M. Martinez-Casales^13,25, V. Matveev²³, A. Medhi¹⁶, B. Mehta³⁵, M. D. Messier²¹, H. Meyer⁴⁷, T. Miao¹³, V. Mikola⁴⁵, W. H. Miller³¹, S. R. Mishra³⁹, A. Mislivec³¹, R. Mohanta¹⁸, A. Moren³⁰, A. Morozova²⁷, W. Mu¹³, L. Mualem⁵, M. Muether⁴⁷, K. Mulder⁴⁵, C. Murthy⁴³, D. Myers⁴³, J. Nachtman⁵⁰, D. Naples³⁶, S. Nelleri⁸, J. K. Nelson⁴⁸, O. Neogi⁵⁰, R. Nichol⁴⁵, E. Niner¹³, A. Norman¹³, A. Norrick¹³, H. Oh⁷, A. Olshevskiy²⁷, T. Olson¹⁷, M. Ozkaynak⁴⁵, A. Pal³⁴, J. Paley¹³, L. Panda³⁴, R. B. Patterson⁵, G. Pawloski³¹, R. Petti³⁹, R. K. Plunkett¹³, L. R. Prais^32,7, A. Rafique¹, V. Raj⁵, M. Rajaoalisoa⁷, B. Ramson¹³, B. Rebel⁴⁹, C. Reynolds³⁷, E. Robles²⁶, P. Roy⁴⁷, O. Samoylov²⁷, M. C. Sanchez^14,25, S. Sánchez Falero²⁵, P. Shanahan¹³, P. Sharma³⁵, A. Sheshukov²⁷, A. Shmakov²⁶, W. Shorrock⁴¹, S. Shukla⁴, I. Singh¹¹, P. Singh^37,11, V. Singh⁴, S. Singh Chhibra³⁷, D. K. Singha¹⁸, E. Smith²¹, J. Smolik¹⁰, P. Snopok²⁰, N. Solomey⁴⁷, A. Sousa⁷, K. Soustruznik⁶, M. Strait^13,31, C. Sullivan⁴⁴, L. Suter¹³, A. Sutton^14,25, K. Sutton⁵, S. K. Swain³⁴, A. Sztuc⁴⁵, N. Talukdar³⁹, P. Tas⁶, T. Thakore⁷, J. Thomas⁴⁵, E. Tiras^12,25, M. Titus⁸, Y. Torun²⁰, D. Tran¹⁷, J. Trokan-Tenorio⁴⁸, J. Urheim²¹, B. Utt³¹, P. Vahle⁴⁸, Z. Vallari ³³, K. J. Vockerodt³⁷, A. V. Waldron³⁷, M. Wallbank^7,13, T. K. Warburton²⁵, C. Weber³¹, M. Wetstein²⁵, D. Whittington⁴², D. A. Wickremasinghe¹³, J. Wolcott⁴⁴, S. Wu³¹, W. Wu²⁶, W. Wu³⁶, Y. Xiao²⁶, B. Yaeggy⁷, A. Yahaya⁴⁷, A. Yankelevich²⁶, K. Yonehara¹³, S. Zadorozhnyy²³, J. Zalesak²⁴, and R. Zwaska¹³ (The NOvA Collaboration)

¹Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
²Universidad del Atlantico, Carrera 30 No. 8-49, Puerto Colombia, Atlantico, Colombia
³Bandirma Onyedi Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Engineering Sciences Department, 10200, Bandirma, Bal𝚤kesir, Turkey
⁴Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
⁵California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
⁶Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
⁷Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
⁸Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, India
⁹Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1875, USA
¹⁰Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
¹¹Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
¹²Department of Physics, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38030, Turkey
¹³Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
¹⁴Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
¹⁵Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
¹⁶Department of Physics, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
¹⁷Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
¹⁸School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
¹⁹Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502 205, India
²⁰Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
²¹Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
²²Institute of Computer Science, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 07 Prague, Czech Republic
²³Institute for Nuclear Research of Russia, Academy of Sciences 7a, 60th October Anniversary prospect, Moscow 117312, Russia
²⁴Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
²⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
²⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
²⁷Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow region 141980, Russia
²⁸Universidad del Magdalena, Carrera 32 No 22-08, Santa Marta, Colombia
²⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
³⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
³¹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
³²University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
³³Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
³⁴National Institute of Science Education and Research, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
³⁵Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
³⁶Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
³⁷Particle Physics Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
³⁸Department of Physics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA
³⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
⁴⁰Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
⁴¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
⁴²Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
⁴³Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
⁴⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
⁴⁵Physics and Astronomy Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
⁴⁶Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
⁴⁷Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, USA
⁴⁸Department of Physics, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
⁴⁹Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
⁵⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
⁵¹Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 011802 – Published 8 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/x53y-2b86

Abstract

This Letter reports measurements of muon-neutrino disappearance and electron-neutrino appearance and the corresponding antineutrino processes between the two NOvA detectors in the NuMI neutrino beam. These measurements use a dataset with double the neutrino mode beam exposure that was previously analyzed, along with improved simulation and analysis techniques. A joint fit to these samples in the three-flavor paradigm results in the most precise single-experiment constraint on the atmospheric neutrino mass splitting, $Δ m_{32}^{2} = 2.43 1_{- 0.034}^{+ 0.036} (- 2.47 9_{- 0.036}^{+ 0.036}) \times 10^{- 3} {eV}^{2}$ if the mass ordering is normal (inverted). In both orderings, a region close to maximal mixing with $\sin^{2} θ_{23} = 0.5 5_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.02}$ is preferred. The NOvA data show a mild preference for the normal mass ordering with a Bayes factor of 2.4 (corresponding to 70% of the posterior probability), indicating that the normal ordering is 2.4 times more probable than the inverted ordering. When incorporating a 2D $Δ m_{32}^{2} - \sin^{2} 2 θ_{13}$ constraint based on Daya Bay data, this preference strengthens to a Bayes factor of 6.6 (87%).

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 011802– Published 8 January, 2026

Vol. 136, Iss. 1 — 9 January 2026

Received 9 September 2025
Accepted 26 November 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/x53y-2b86

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Precision Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters with 10 Years of Data from the NOvA Experiment

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