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    Atomic Regional Superfluids in Two-Dimensional Moiré Time Crystals

    Weijie Liang1, Weiping Zhang2,3,4,5,6,*, and Keye Zhang1,4,†

    • 1Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, School of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
    • 2School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
    • 3Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
    • 4Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
    • 5Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
    • 6Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China

    • *Contact author: wpz@sjtu.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: kyzhang@phy.ecnu.edu.cn
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    Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 073401 – Published 18 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/thvw-pdtd

    Abstract

    Moiré physics has transcended spatial dimensions, extending into synthetic domains and enabling novel quantum phenomena. We propose a theoretical model for a two-dimensional (2D) moiré time crystal formed by ultracold atoms, induced by periodic perturbations applied to a nonlattice trap. Our analysis reveals the emergence of regional superfluid states exhibiting moiré-scale quantum coherence across temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal domains. This Letter provides fundamental insights into temporal moiré phenomena and presents an alternative pathway to engineer spatial moiré phases without requiring twisted multilayer lattices.

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    Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 073401– Published 18 February, 2026
    • Received 8 April 2025
    • Revised 10 December 2025
    • Accepted 27 January 2026
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