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Bounds on Lorentz Invariance Violation from Muon Fluctuations at the Pierre Auger Observatory

A. Abdul Halim13, P. Abreu67, M. Aglietta50,49, I. Allekotte1, K. Almeida Cheminant75,74, R. Aloisio42,43, J. Alvarez-Muñiz73, A. Ambrosone42, J. Ammerman Yebra73 et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration††,‡‡)

J. Ammerman Yebra73, L. Anchordoqui79, B. Andrada7, L. Andrade Dourado42,43, L. Apollonio55,46, C. Aramo47, E. Arnone59,49, J. C. Arteaga Velázquez63, P. Assis67, G. Avila11, E. Avocone53,43, A. Bakalova29, Y. Balibrea11, A. Baluta70, F. Barbato42,43, A. Bartz Mocellin78, J. P. Behler10, C. Berat*, M. E. Bertaina59,49, M. Bianciotto59,49, P. L. Biermann†, V. Binet5, K. Bismark35,7, T. Bister74,75, J. Biteau33,84, J. Blazek29, J. Blümer37, M. Boháčová29, D. Boncioli53,43, C. Bonifazi16,8, N. Borodai65, J. Brack‡, P. G. Brichetto Orquera7,37, A. Bueno72, S. Buitink15, M. Büsken35,7, A. Bwembya74,75, K. S. Caballero-Mora62, S. Cabana-Freire73, L. Caccianiga55,46, J. Caraça-Valente78, R. Caruso54,44, A. Castellina50,49, F. Catalani18, G. Cataldi45, L. Cazon73, M. Cerda10, B. Čermáková37, A. Cermenati42,43, K. Cerny30, J. A. Chinellato21, J. Chudoba29, L. Chytka30, R. W. Clay13, A. C. Cobos Cerutti6, R. Colalillo56,47, R. Conceição67, G. Consolati46,51, M. Conte52,45, F. Convenga42,43, D. Correia dos Santos25, P. J. Costa67, C. E. Covault77, M. Cristinziani41, C. S. Cruz Sanchez3, S. Dasso4,2, K. Daumiller37, B. R. Dawson13, R. M. de Almeida25, E.-T. de Boone41, B. de Errico25, J. de Jesús73, S. J. de Jong74,75, J. R. T. de Mello Neto25, I. De Mitri42,43, D. de Oliveira Franco40, F. de Palma52,45, V. de Souza19, E. De Vito52,45, A. Del Popolo54,44, O. Deligny31, N. Denner29, K. Denner Syrokvas28, L. Deval49, A. di Matteo49, C. Dobrigkeit21, J. C. D’Olivo64, L. M. Domingues Mendes16,67, Y. Dominguez Ballesteros27, Q. Dorosti41, R. C. dos Anjos24, J. Ebr29, F. Ellwanger37, R. Engel35,37, I. Epicoco52,45, M. Erdmann38, A. Etchegoyen7,12, C. Evoli42,43, H. Falcke74,76,75, G. Farrar81, A. C. Fauth21, T. Fehler41, F. Feldbusch36, A. Fernandes67, M. Fernández Alonso14, B. Fick80, J. M. Figueira7, P. Filip35,7, A. Filipčič71,70, T. Fitoussi37, B. Flaggs83, A. Franco45, M. Freitas67, T. Fujii82,§§, A. Fuster7,12, C. Galea74, B. García6, C. Gaudu34, P. L. Ghia31, U. Giaccari45, M. Giammarco53,43, C. Glaser39, F. Gobbi10, F. Gollan7, G. Golup1, P. F. Gómez Vitale11, J. P. Gongora11, J. M. González1, N. González7, D. Góra65, A. Gorgi50,49, M. Gottowik37, F. Guarino56,47, G. P. Guedes22, Y. C. Guerra10, L. Gülzow37, S. Hahn35, P. Hamal29, M. R. Hampel7, P. Hansen3, V. M. Harvey13, A. Haungs37, M. Havelka29, T. Hebbeker38, C. Hojvat§, J. R. Hörandel74,75, P. Horvath30, M. Hrabovský30, T. Huege37,15, A. Insolia54,44, P. G. Isar69, M. Ismaiel74,75, P. Janecek29, V. Jilek29, K.-H. Kampert34, B. Keilhauer37, A. Khakurdikar74, V. V. Kizakke Covilakam7,37, H. O. Klages37, M. Kleifges36, J. Köhler37, F. Krieger38, M. Kubatova29, N. Kunka36, B. L. Lago17, N. Langner38, N. Leal7, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira23, Y. Lema-Capeans73, A. Letessier-Selvon32, I. Lhenry-Yvon31, L. Lopes67, J. P. Lundquist70, M. Mallamaci57,44, S. Mancuso50,49, D. Mandat29, P. Mantsch§, A. G. Mariazzi3, C. Marinelli42,43, I. C. Mariş14, G. Marsella57,44, D. Martello52,45, S. Martinelli37,7, O. Martínez Bravo60, M. A. Martins73, H.-J. Mathes37, J. Matthews∥, G. Matthiae58,48, E. Mayotte78, S. Mayotte78, P. O. Mazur§, G. Medina-Tanco64, J. Meinert34, D. Melo7, A. Menshikov36, C. Merx37, S. Michal29, M. I. Micheletti5, L. Miramonti55,46, M. Mogarkar65, S. Mollerach1, F. Montanet*, L. Morejon34, K. Mulrey74,75, R. Mussa49, W. M. Namasaka34, S. Negi29, L. Nellen64, K. Nguyen80, G. Nicora9, M. Niechciol41, D. Nitz80, D. Nosek28, A. Novikov83, V. Novotny28, L. Nožka30, A. Nucita52,45, L. A. Núñez27, S. E. Nuza4, J. Ochoa7,37, M. Olegario19, C. Oliveira20, L. Östman29, M. Palatka29, J. Pallotta9, S. Panja29, G. Parente73, T. Paulsen34, J. Pawlowsky34, M. Pech29, J. Pȩkala65, R. Pelayo61, V. Pelgrims14, C. Pérez Bertolli7,37, L. Perrone52,45, S. Petrera42,43, C. Petrucci53, T. Pierog37, M. Pimenta67, M. Platino7, B. Pont74, M. Pourmohammad Shahvar57,44, P. Privitera82, C. Priyadarshi65, M. Prouza29, K. Pytel66, S. Querchfeld34, J. Rautenberg34, D. Ravignani7, J. V. Reginatto Akim21, A. Reuzki38, J. Ridky29, F. Riehn39,¶¶, M. Risse41, V. Rizi53,43, E. Rodriguez7,37, G. Rodriguez Fernandez48, J. Rodriguez Rojo11, S. Rossoni40, M. Roth37, E. Roulet1, A. C. Rovero4, A. Saftoiu68, M. Saharan74, F. Salamida53,43, H. Salazar60, G. Salina48, P. Sampathkumar37, N. San Martin78, J. D. Sanabria Gomez27, F. Sánchez7, F. M. Sánchez Rodriguez73, E. Santos29, F. Sarazin78, R. Sarmento67, R. Sato11, P. Savina42,43, V. Scherini52,45, H. Schieler37, M. Schimp34, D. Schmidt37, O. Scholten15,∥∥, H. Schoorlemmer74,75, P. Schovánek29, F. G. Schröder83,37, J. Schulte38, T. Schulz29, S. J. Sciutto3, M. Scornavacche7, A. Sedoski7, S. Sehgal34, S. U. Shivashankara70, G. Sigl40, K. Simkova15,14, F. Simon36, R. Šmída82, S. Soares Sippert25, P. Sommers, M. Stadelmaier37,46,55, S. Stanič70, J. Stasielak65, P. Stassi*, S. Strähnz35, M. Straub38, T. Suomijärvi33, A. D. Supanitsky7, Z. Svozilikova29, Z. Szadkowski66, F. Tairli13, M. Tambone56,47, A. Tapia26, C. Taricco59,49, C. Timmermans75,74, O. Tkachenko29, P. Tobiska29, C. J. Todero Peixoto18, B. Tomé67, A. Travaini10, P. Travnicek29, C. Trimarelli42,43, M. Tueros3, M. Unger37, R. Uzeiroska-Geyik34, L. Vaclavek30, M. Vacula30, I. Vaiman42,43, J. F. Valdés Galicia64, L. Valore56,47, P. van Dillen74,75, E. Varela60, V. Vašíčková34, A. Vásquez-Ramírez27, D. Veberič37, I. D. Vergara Quispe3, S. Verpoest83, V. Verzi48, J. Vicha29, S. Vorobiov70, J. B. Vuta29, C. Watanabe25, A. A. Watson**, A. Weindl37, M. Weitz34, L. Wiencke78, H. Wilczyński65, B. Wundheiler7, B. Yue34, A. Yushkov29, E. Zas73, D. Zavrtanik70,71, and M. Zavrtanik71,70 (Pierre Auger Collaboration††,‡‡)

  • 1Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
  • 2Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 3IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
  • 4Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 5Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)—CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
  • 6Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
  • 7Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 8International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete—San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 9Laboratorio Atmósfera—Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones—UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
  • 10Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
  • 11Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
  • 12Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 13Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
  • 14Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
  • 15Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
  • 16Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 17Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
  • 18Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 19Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 20Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 21Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 22Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
  • 23Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 24Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
  • 25Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 26Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
  • 27Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  • 28Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 29Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 30Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
  • 31CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
  • 32Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
  • 33Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
  • 34Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
  • 35Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 36Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 37Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 38RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
  • 39TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, Dortmund, Germany
  • 40Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
  • 41Universität Siegen, Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
  • 42Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
  • 43INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
  • 44INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 45INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
  • 46INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
  • 47INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
  • 48INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Roma, Italy
  • 49INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
  • 50Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
  • 51Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
  • 52Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, Italy
  • 53Università dell’Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, Italy
  • 54Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana,” Catania, Italy
  • 55Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
  • 56Università di Napoli “Federico II,” Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini,” Napoli, Italy
  • 57Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica ”E. Segrè,” Palermo, Italy
  • 58Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
  • 59Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
  • 60Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
  • 61Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, Distrito Federal, México
  • 62Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
  • 63Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
  • 64Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México
  • 65Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
  • 66University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
  • 67Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, Portugal
  • 68“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
  • 69Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
  • 70Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
  • 71Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 72Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
  • 73Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 74IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • 75Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 76Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
  • 77Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
  • 78Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
  • 79Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
  • 80Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
  • 81New York University, New York, New York, USA
  • 82University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • 83University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
  • 84Institut universitaire de France (IUF), France

  • *Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering, LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble, France.
  • †Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany.
  • ‡Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • §Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA.
  • ∥Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
  • Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
  • **School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
  • ††Pierre Auger spokesperson: spokespersons@auger.org
  • ‡‡http://www.auger.org
  • §§Present address: Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
  • ∥∥Also at Kapteyn Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
  • ¶¶Present address: Technische Universität Dortmund and Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Dortmund and Bochum, Germany.
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 111001 – Published 8 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/t5k4-2m32

Abstract

Quantum gravity theories often modify spacetime symmetries. In particular, Lorentz invariance may be violated when approaching the Planck scale. Although the scales at which interactions occur in extensive air showers induced by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in the atmosphere are many orders of magnitude below the Planck scale, these violations might still be observable. In this Letter, the fluctuations in the number of muons in the extensive air showers measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory are exploited, for the first time, to constrain Lorentz invariance violations. The bounds derived in the hadronic sector are the strongest ever obtained, and do not rely on assumptions about the mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. The fluctuations in the number of muons constitute a new and powerful observable to further explore Lorentz invariance in a region of the parameter space not accessible to other observables.

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References (38)

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Outline

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 111001– Published 8 September, 2026
  • Received 18 February 2026
  • Revised 22 April 2026
  • Accepted 22 May 2026
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