- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Letters

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Electroweak Symmetry Restoration and Radiation Amplitude Zeros

Rodolfo Capdevilla1 and Tao Han2

PDF

Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 101801 – Published 2 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/sv5n-t5xm

Abstract

In high-energy collisions far above the electroweak scale, the effects of electroweak symmetry breaking are expected to become parametrically small δ∼MW/E. This defines the extent to which the electroweak gauge symmetry is restored: (i) the physics of the transverse gauge bosons and fermions is described by a massless theory in the unbroken phase; (ii) the longitudinal gauge bosons behave like the Goldstone bosons and join the Higgs boson to restore the unbroken O(4) symmetry in the original Higgs sector. Using the unique feature of the radiation amplitude zeros in gauge theory, we propose to study the electroweak symmetry restoration quantitatively by examining the processes for the gauge boson pair production W±γ,W±Z, and W±H at the LHC and muon colliders.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (74)

  1. J. M. Cornwall, D. N. Levin, and G. Tiktopoulos, Phys. Rev. D 10, 1145 (1974); 11, 972(E) (1975).
  2. B. W. Lee, C. Quigg, and H. B. Thacker, Phys. Rev. D 16, 1519 (1977).
  3. M. S. Chanowitz and M. K. Gaillard, Nucl. Phys. B261, 379 (1985).
  4. J. Goldstone, A. Salam, and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. 127, 965 (1962).
  5. P. Sikivie, L. Susskind, M. B. Voloshin, and V. I. Zakharov, Nucl. Phys. B173, 189 (1980).
  6. R. Alonso, E. E. Jenkins, and A. V. Manohar, Phys. Lett. B 754, 335 (2016).
  7. A. Falkowski and R. Rattazzi, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2019) 255.
  8. T. Cohen, N. Craig, X. Lu, and D. Sutherland, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2021) 237.
  9. G. C. Branco, P. M. Ferreira, L. Lavoura, M. N. Rebelo, M. Sher, and J. P. Silva, Phys. Rep. 516, 1 (2012).
  10. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  11. H. Abramowicz et al. (H1 and ZEUS Collaborations), Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 580 (2015).
  12. M. E. Peskin, in Proceedings of the 2016 European School of High-Energy Physics (2017), pp. 1–70, arXiv:1708.09043.
  13. J. H. Kuhn, in Proceedings of the 23rd Annual SLAC Summer Institute on Particle Physics: The Top Quark and the Electroweak Interaction (SSI 95) (1996), pp. 1–64, arXiv:hep-ph/9707321.
  14. G. Aad et al. (CMS and ATLAS Collaborations), J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2020) 051.
  15. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 716, 1 (2012).
  16. S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 716, 30 (2012).
  17. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 843, 137895 (2023).
  18. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 101802 (2024).
  19. A. M. Sirunyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 812, 136018 (2021).
  20. M. Aaboud et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 161801 (2019).
  21. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), arXiv:2503.11317.
  22. L. Huang, S. D. Lane, I. M. Lewis, and Z. Liu, Phys. Rev. D 103, 053007 (2021).
  23. K. O. Mikaelian, M. A. Samuel, and D. Sahdev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 746 (1979).
  24. S. J. Brodsky and R. W. Brown, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 966 (1982).
  25. U. Baur, T. Han, and J. Ohnemus, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3941 (1994).
  26. V. M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 241805 (2008).
  27. S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 89, 092005 (2014).
  28. A. Tumasyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 105, 052003 (2022).
  29. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 178 (2021).
  30. A. Tumasyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 109, 092011 (2024).
  31. J. Alwall, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, V. Hirschi, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, H. S. Shao, T. Stelzer, P. Torrielli, and M. Zaro, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2014) 079.
  32. R. Ruiz, A. Costantini, F. Maltoni, and O. Mattelaer, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2022) 114.
  33. G. N. Valenzuela and J. Smith, Phys. Rev. D 31, 2787 (1985).
  34. N. M. Monyonko, J. H. Reid, M. A. Samuel, and G. Tupper Oklahoma State University, Report No. Print-84-08741984.
  35. M. L. Laursen, M. A. Samuel, A. Sen, and G. Tupper, Nucl. Phys. B226, 429 (1983).
  36. M. L. Laursen, M. A. Samuel, and A. Sen, Phys. Rev. D 28, 650 (1983).
  37. J. Smith, D. Thomas, and W. L. van Neerven, Z. Phys. C 44, 267 (1989).
  38. J. Ohnemus, Phys. Rev. D 47, 940 (1993).
  39. U. Baur, T. Han, and J. Ohnemus, Phys. Rev. D 48, 5140 (1993).
  40. U. Baur, S. Errede, and G. L. Landsberg, Phys. Rev. D 50, 1917 (1994).
  41. R. Capdevilla, R. Harnik, and A. Martin, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2020) 117.
  42. CMS Collaboration, CMS Physics Analysis Summary, Report No. CMS-PAS-FTR-18-011, CERN, 2018.
  43. T. Han, D. Krohn, L.-T. Wang, and W. Zhu, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2010) 082.
  44. J. Searcy, L. Huang, M.-A. Pleier, and J. Zhu, Phys. Rev. D 93, 094033 (2016).
  45. T. Kim and A. Martin, arXiv:2102.05124.
  46. T. N. Dao and D. N. Le, Commun. Phys. 33, 223 (2023).
  47. K. Long, D. Lucchesi, M. Palmer, N. Pastrone, D. Schulte, and V. Shiltsev, Nat. Phys. 17, 289 (2021).
  48. H. Al Ali et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 85, 084201 (2022).
  49. K. M. Black et al., J. Instrum. 19, T02015 (2024).
  50. C. Accettura et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 864 (2023); 84, 36(E) (2024).
  51. T. Han, D. Liu, I. Low, and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 103, 013002 (2021).
  52. M. Forslund and P. Meade, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 185.
  53. M. Ruhdorfer, E. Salvioni, and A. Wulzer, Phys. Rev. D 107, 095038 (2023).
  54. M. Forslund and P. Meade, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2024) 182.
  55. P. Andreetto et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 221 (2025).
  56. P. Li, Z. Liu, and K.-F. Lyu, Phys. Rev. D 109, 073009 (2024).
  57. T. Han, Z. Liu, L.-T. Wang, and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 103, 075004 (2021).
  58. D. Buttazzo, R. Franceschini, and A. Wulzer, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2021) 219.
  59. R. Capdevilla, F. Meloni, R. Simoniello, and J. Zurita, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2021) 133.
  60. S. Bottaro, D. Buttazzo, M. Costa, R. Franceschini, P. Panci, D. Redigolo, and L. Vittorio, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 31 (2022).
  61. S. Chen, A. Glioti, R. Rattazzi, L. Ricci, and A. Wulzer, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2022) 180.
  62. S. Bottaro, D. Buttazzo, M. Costa, R. Franceschini, P. Panci, D. Redigolo, and L. Vittorio, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 992 (2022).
  63. D. Liu, L.-T. Wang, and K.-P. Xie, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2024) 084.
  64. K. Korshynska, M. Löschner, M. Marinichenko, K. Mekala, and J. Reuter, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 568 (2024).
  65. R. Capdevilla, F. Meloni, and J. Zurita, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 181802 (2025).
  66. T. Han, Y. Ma, and K. Xie, Phys. Rev. D 103, L031301 (2021).
  67. T. Han, Y. Ma, and K. Xie, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2022) 154.
  68. F. Garosi, D. Marzocca, and S. Trifinopoulos, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2023) 107.
  69. R. Capdevilla, F. Garosi, D. Marzocca, and B. Stechauner, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2025) 168.
  70. J. Chen, T. Han, and B. Tweedie, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2017) 093.
  71. C. W. Bauer, D. Provasoli, and B. R. Webber, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2018) 030.
  72. T. Han, Y. Ma, and K. Xie, in Snowmass 2021 (2022), arXiv:2203.11129.
  73. S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D 9, 3357 (1974).
  74. R. Capdevilla and T. Han, 2025, Data available by “Download Source” at https://arxiv.org/format/2412.12336.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 101801– Published 2 September, 2025
  • Received 10 January 2025
  • Accepted 13 August 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation