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  • Open Access

Multiscale Explanation of the Missing Gallium Vacancy in Gallium Arsenide

Leopoldo Diaz*, Harold P. Hjalmarson†, Jesse J. Lutz, and Peter A. Schultz‡

  • *Contact author: lndiaz@sandia.gov
  • †Contact author: hphjalm@sandia.gov
  • ‡Contact author: paschul.xnl@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 267001 – Published 26 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/scn4-2wmv

Abstract

Irradiation of gallium arsenide (GaAs) produces immobile vacancies and mobile interstitials. Yet, after decades of experimental investigation, the immobile Ga vacancy continues to evade detection, raising the question: where is the Ga vacancy? Static first-principles calculations predict a Ga vacancy should be readily observed. We find that short-time dynamical evolution of primary defects is the key to explaining this conundrum. Using a dynamical multiscale atomistically informed device engineering (AIDE) method, we discover that during the initial displacement damage, the Ga vacancy (3-/2-) defect level pins the Fermi level near the midgap, producing oppositely charged vacancies and interstitials. Driven by Coulomb attraction, fast As interstitials preferentially annihilate Ga vacancies. The Ga vacancy population plummets below detectable limits—and the now unpinned Fermi level recovers—before being experimentally observed. This dynamical model solves the mystery of the missing Ga vacancy and reveals the importance of a multiscale approach to explore the dynamical chemical behavior in experimentally inaccessible short-time regimes.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 267001– Published 26 December, 2025
  • Received 28 April 2025
  • Revised 23 June 2025
  • Accepted 26 November 2025
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