Ensembles of atoms interacting via their Rydberg levels, known as “superatoms” for their ability to encode qubits and to emit single photons, attract increasing attention as building blocks for quantum network nodes. Assessing their performance requires an accurate, physically informative, and numerically scalable description of interactions in a large and disordered ensemble. We derive such a description from first principles and successfully test it against brute-force numerics and experimental data. This model proves essential to make quantitative predictions about gate fidelities or photon emission efficiencies and to guide experiments toward large-scale superatom-based systems.

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• Quantum optics
• Quantum optics with artificial atoms
• Rydberg gases
• Atomic ensemble
• Atomic gases
• Rydberg atoms & molecules