Quantum error correction (QEC) enables practical quantum computing by encoding logical qubits in many physical qubits, which can exponentially suppress the logical error rate with increasing code size provided that the physical error rate is below a critical threshold. However, the leakage of quantum information from the computational subspace presents a critical challenge to the development of scalable QEC, which creates long-lived, correlated errors that spread across space and time. Here, we demonstrate a quantum memory operating below the threshold by implementing an all-microwave leakage suppression architecture on a distance-7 surface code. We achieve a logical error suppression factor of $\mathrm{\Lambda }=1.40(6)$, definitively reversing the above-threshold scaling ($\mathrm{\Lambda }<1$) caused by unmitigated leakage. This scheme integrates a hardware-efficient leakage reduction unit for data qubits with a fast, unconditional reset for ancilla qubits, suppressing the average leakage population after 40 cycles by a factor of 72 to $6.4(5)\times {10}^{-4}$. Our results demonstrate the viability of all-microwave control architectures for suppressing critical errors at scale, paving the way for more advanced quantum error correction implementations.

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• Quantum algorithms & computation
• Quantum computation
• Quantum error correction
• Surface code quantum computing
• Superconducting devices