Open Access

Observation of Collider Neutrinos without Final State Muons with the SND@LHC Experiment

D. Abbaneo ¹, S. Ahmad ^*, R. Albanese ^2,3, A. Alexandrov ², F. Alicante ^2,3, K. Androsov ⁴, A. Anokhina ⁵, T. Asada ^2,3, C. Asawatangtrakuldee ⁶ et al. (SND@LHC Collaboration)

C. Asawatangtrakuldee ⁶, M. A. Ayala Torres ^7,30, C. Battilana ^8,9, A. Bay ⁴, A. Bertocco ^2,3, C. Betancourt ¹⁰, D. Bick ¹¹, R. Biswas ¹, A. Blanco Castro ¹², V. Boccia ^2,3, M. Bogomilov ¹³, D. Bonacorsi ^8,9, W. M. Bonivento ¹⁴, P. Bordalo ¹², A. Boyarsky ^15,16, S. Buontempo ², V. Cafaro ⁸, M. Campanelli ¹⁷, T. Camporesi ¹, V. Canale ^2,3, D. Centanni ^2,18, F. Cerutti ¹, M. Chernyavskiy ⁵, K.-Y. Choi ¹⁹, S. Cholak ⁴, F. Cindolo ⁸, M. Climescu ²⁰, A. P. Conaboy ²¹, A. Crupano ⁸, G. M. Dallavalle ⁸, D. Davino ^2,22, P. T. de Bryas ⁴, G. De Lellis ^2,3, M. De Magistris ^2,18, A. De Roeck ¹, A. De Rújula ¹, M. De Serio ^23,24, D. De Simone ¹⁰, A. Di Crescenzo ^2,3, D. Di Ferdinando ²⁵, C. Dinc ²⁶, R. Donà ^8,9, O. Durhan ^26,†, D. Fasanella ⁸, F. Fedotovs ¹⁷, M. Ferrillo ¹⁰, M. Ferro-Luzzi ¹, R. A. Fini ²³, A. Fiorillo ^2,3, R. Fresa ^2,27, W. Funk ¹, F. M. Garay Walls²⁸, V. Giordano ⁸, A. Golovatiuk ^2,3, A. Golutvin ²⁹, E. Graverini ^4,‡, A. M. Guler ^26,1, V. Guliaeva ⁵, G. J. Haefeli ⁴, C. Hagner ¹¹, J. C. Helo Herrera ^30,31, E. van Herwijnen ²⁹, P. Iengo ², S. Ilieva ^1,13, A. Infantino ¹, A. Iuliano ^2,3, R. Jacobsson ¹, C. Kamiscioglu ^26,32, A. M. Kauniskangas ⁴, E. Khalikov ⁵, S. H. Kim ³³, Y. G. Kim ³⁴, G. Klioutchnikov ¹, M. Komatsu ³⁵, N. Konovalova ⁵, S. Kuleshov ^7,30, L. Krzempek ^2,3,1, H. M. Lacker ²¹, O. Lantwin ², F. Lasagni Manghi ⁸, A. Lauria ^2,3, K. Y. Lee ³³, K. S. Lee ³⁶, V. P. Loschiavo ^2,22, A. Margiotta ^8,9, A. Mascellani ⁴, F. Mei ⁹, A. Miano ^2,3, A. Mikulenko ¹⁵, M. C. Montesi ^2,3, F. L. Navarria ^8,9, W. Nuntiyakul ³⁷, S. Ogawa ³⁸, N. Okateva ⁵, M. Ovchynnikov ¹⁵, G. Paggi ^8,9, B. D. Park ³³, A. Pastore ²³, A. Perrotta ⁸, D. Podgrudkov ⁵, N. Polukhina ⁵, F. Primavera ⁸, A. Prota ^2,3, A. Quercia ^2,3, S. Ramos ¹², A. Reghunath ²¹, T. Roganova ⁵, F. Ronchetti ⁴, T. Rovelli ^8,9, O. Ruchayskiy ³⁹, T. Ruf ¹, M. Sabate Gilarte ¹, M. Samoilov ⁵, V. Scalera ^2,18, W. Schmidt-Parzefall ¹¹, O. Schneider ⁴, G. Sekhniaidze ², N. Serra ¹⁰, M. Shaposhnikov ⁴, V. Shevchenko ⁵, T. Shchedrina ⁵, L. Shchutska ⁴, H. Shibuya ^38,§, S. Simone ^23,24, G. Sirri ⁸, G. Soares ¹², J. Y. Sohn ³³, O. J. Soto Sandoval ^30,31, M. Spurio ^8,9, N. Starkov ⁵, J. Steggemann ⁴, I. Timiryasov ³⁹, V. Tioukov ², F. Tramontano ^2,3, C. Trippl ⁴, E. Ursov ⁵, A. Ustyuzhanin ^2,40, G. Vankova-Kirilova ¹³, G. Vasquez ¹⁰, V. Verguilov ¹³, N. Viegas Guerreiro Leonardo ¹², C. Vilela ^12,∥, C. Visone ^2,3, R. Wanke ²⁰, E. Yaman ²⁶, Z. Yang ⁴, C. Yazici ²⁶, C. S. Yoon ³³, E. Zaffaroni ⁴, and J. Zamora Saa ^7,30 (SND@LHC Collaboration)

¹European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
²Sezione INFN di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
³Università di Napoli “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy
⁴Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
⁵Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN
⁶Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
⁷Center for Theoretical and Experimental Particle Physics, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrès Bello, Fernandez Concha 700, Santiago, Chile
⁸Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁹Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
¹⁰Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
¹¹Hamburg University, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
¹²Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (LIP), Lisbon, Portugal
¹³Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
¹⁴Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
¹⁵University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
¹⁶Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
¹⁷University College London, London, United Kingdom
¹⁸Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy
¹⁹Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeong Gi-do, Korea
²⁰Institut für Physik and PRISMA Cluster of Excellence, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
²¹Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
²²Università del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
²³Sezione INFN di Bari, Bari, Italy
²⁴Università di Bari, Bari, Italy
²⁵Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy
²⁶Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, 06800, Türkiye
²⁷Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
²⁸Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 4860 Santiago, Chile
²⁹Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
³⁰Millennium Institute for Subatomic Physics at High Energy Frontier-SAPHIR, Fernandez Concha 700, Santiago, Chile
³¹Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Avenida Cisternas 1200, La Serena, Chile
³²Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
³³Department of Physics Education and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
³⁴Gwangju National University of Education, Gwangju, Korea
³⁵Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
³⁶Korea University, Seoul, Korea
³⁷Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
³⁸Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
³⁹Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁴⁰Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, Bremen, 28759, Germany

^*Present address: Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Nilore, 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan.
^†Also at Atilim University, Ankara, Türkiye.
^‡Also at Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy.
^§Present address: Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan.
^∥Contact author: c.vilela@cern.ch

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 231802 – Published 13 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/r2qy-9hft

Abstract

We report the observation of neutrino interactions without final state muons at the LHC, with a significance of $6.4 σ$ . A dataset of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13.6 TeV$ collected by SND@LHC in 2022 and 2023 is used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $68.6 {fb}^{- 1}$ . Neutrino interactions without a reconstructed muon are selected, resulting in an event sample consisting mainly of neutral-current and electron neutrino charged-current interactions in the detector. After selection cuts, 9 neutrino interaction candidate events are observed with an estimated background of 0.32 events.

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References (24)

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 231802– Published 13 June, 2025

Vol. 134, Iss. 23 — 13 June 2025

Received 30 November 2024
Revised 8 May 2025
Accepted 14 May 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/r2qy-9hft

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Observation of Collider Neutrinos without Final State Muons with the SND@LHC Experiment

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