Closing the Mass Window for Stupendously Large Black Holes

Christopher Gerlach; Yann Gouttenoire; Antonio J. Iovino; Nicholas Leister

doi:10.1103/qlf9-thf4

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Closing the Mass Window for Stupendously Large Black Holes

Christopher Gerlach ^1,*, Yann Gouttenoire ^1,†, Antonio J. Iovino ^2,3,‡, and Nicholas Leister ^1,§

¹PRISMA⁺ Cluster of Excellence and Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
²New York University, Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188 Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
³Department of Theoretical Physics and Gravitational Wave Science Center, 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

^*Contact author: cgerlach@uni-mainz.de
^†Contact author: yann.gouttenoire@gmail.com
^‡Contact author: ai2869@nyu.edu
^§Contact author: nleister@uni-mainz.de

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 181401 – Published 26 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qlf9-thf4

Abstract

We show that primordial black holes (PBHs) in the stupendously large black hole mass range ( $M ≳ 10^{11} M_{⊙}$ ) produce isocurvature perturbations exceeding current Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) limits, thereby excluding them as a significant dark matter component.

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Closing the Mass Window for Stupendously Large Black Holes

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Closing the Mass Window for Stupendously Large Black Holes

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