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  • Open Access

Window Observables for Benchmarking Parton Distribution Functions

Joe Karpie1,*, Christopher J. Monahan2,†, Kostas Orginos3,1,‡, and Savvas Zafeiropoulos4,§

  • *Contact author: jkarpie@jlab.org
  • †Contact author: cjmonahan@coloradocollege.edu
  • ‡Contact author: kostas@wm.edu
  • §Contact author: savvas.zafeiropoulos@cpt.univ-mrs.fr
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 191901 – Published 3 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/q6jl-816j

Abstract

Global analysis of collider and fixed-target experimental data and calculations from lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are used to gain complementary information on the structure of hadrons. We propose novel “window observables” that allow for higher precision cross-validation between the different approaches, a critical step for studies that wish to combine the datasets. Global analyses are limited by the kinematic regions accessible to experiment, particularly in a range of Bjorken-x, and lattice QCD calculations also have limitations requiring extrapolations to obtain the parton distributions. We provide two different window observables that can be defined within a region of x where extrapolations and interpolations in global analyses remain reliable and where lattice QCD results retain sensitivity and precision.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 191901– Published 3 November, 2025
  • Received 3 June 2025
  • Revised 20 August 2025
  • Accepted 3 October 2025
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