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    Investigation of Medium Modifications to C12 Structure Functions in the Resonance Region

    S. Alsalmi1, I. Albayrak2, A. Ahmidouch3, J. Arrington4,5, A. Asaturyan6,7, A. Bodek8, P. Bosted9, R. Bradford4,8, E. Brash10 et al. (The JUPITER Collaboration: JLab E02-109 E04-001 E06-009)

    E. Brash10, A. Bruell11, C. Butuceanu12, M. E. Christy2,7, S. J. Coleman9, M. Commisso13, S. H. Connell14, M. M. Dalton7, S. Danagoulian3, A. Daniel15, D. B. Day13, S. Dhamija16, J. Dunne17, D. Dutta17, R. Ent7, D. Gaskell7, A. Gasparian3, R. Gran18, T. Horn7, Liting Huang2, G. M. Huber12, C. Jayalath2, M. Johnson4,19, M. K. Jones7, N. Kalantarians20, A. Liyanage2, C. E. Keppel2, E. Kinney21, Y. Li2, S. Malace22, V. Mamyan13, S. Manly8, P. Markowitz16, J. Maxwell13, N. N. Mbianda14, K. S. McFarland8, M. Meziane9, Z. E. Meziani23, G. B. Mills24, H. Mkrtchyan6, A. Mkrtchyan6, J. Mulholland13, J. K. Nelson9, G. Niculescu25, I. Niculescu25, L. Pentchev9, A. Puckett26,24, V. Punjabi27, I. A. Qattan28, P. E. Reimer4, J. Reinhold16, V. M. Rodriguez15, O. Rondon-Aramayo13, M. Sakuda29, W. K. Sakumoto8, E. Segbefia2, T. Seva30, I. Sick31, K. Slifer32, G. R. Smith7, J. Steinman8, P. Solvignon4, V. Tadevosyan6, S. Tajima13, V. Tvaskis33, W. F. Vulcan7, T. Walton2, F. R. Wesselmann27, S. A. Wood7, and Zhihong Ye2 (The JUPITER Collaboration: JLab E02-109 E04-001 E06-009)

    • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    • 2Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA
    • 3North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA
    • 4Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
    • 5Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
    • 6A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute), Yerevan 0036, Armenia
    • 7Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
    • 8Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
    • 9Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
    • 10Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
    • 11DFG, German Research Foundation, Kennedyallee 40, 53175 Bonn, Germany
    • 12University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
    • 13University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
    • 14University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
    • 15University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
    • 16Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
    • 17Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
    • 18Department of Physics, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
    • 19Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
    • 20Virginia Union University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
    • 21University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
    • 22Duke University, Department of Physics, Box 90305, Durham, North Carolina 27708
    • 23Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
    • 24Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
    • 25James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801, USA
    • 26Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    • 27Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, USA
    • 28Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
    • 29High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
    • 30University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
    • 31University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
    • 32University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
    • 33University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 112501 – Published 9 September, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ps3y-63xb

    Abstract

    We present results from a high precision experimental study of the nuclear modification of the longitudinal (FL) to transverse (F1) structure function ratio for bound nucleons in the resonance region. The inclusive electron scattering cross sections were measured in Jefferson Lab Experimental Hall C on carbon and deuterium nuclei for a large range of kinematics, allowing for separations of the longitudinal and transverse structure functions to be performed at a range of four-momentum transfer values 0.5≤Q2≤3.75  GeV2. In contrast to the significant body of measurements of the nuclear modification of the F2 structure function in the deep inelastic scattering region, there is very little on FL and R=FL/2xF1 in the region of the nucleon resonances. In this Letter we present measurements of the nuclear effect on R for C12 (RC) relative to deuterium (RD). These results indicate regions in which in RC>RD, requiring that the nuclear modifications be different in all three structure functions, F2, F1, and FL.

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