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Unified and Consistent Structure Growth Measurements from Joint ACT, SPT, and Planck CMB Lensing

Frank J. Qu ^1,2,3,*, Fei Ge^1,2,4,5, W. L. Kimmy Wu^1,6,5, Irene Abril-Cabezas^7,3, Mathew S. Madhavacheril⁸, Marius Millea⁴, Zeeshan Ahmed^1,6, Ethan Anderes⁹, Adam J. Anderson^10,11,12 et al. (ACT + SPT-3G Collaborations)

Adam J. Anderson^10,11,12, Behzad Ansarinejad¹³, Melanie Archipley^11,12, Zachary Atkins¹⁴, Lennart Balkenhol¹⁵, Nicholas Battaglia^16,17, Karim Benabed¹⁵, Amy N. Bender^18,11,12, Bradford A. Benson^10,11,12, Federico Bianchini^1,2,6, Lindsey. E. Bleem^18,11, Boris Bolliet^19,3, J. Richard Bond²⁰, François. R. Bouchet¹⁵, Lincoln Bryant²¹, Erminia Calabrese²², Etienne Camphuis¹⁵, John E. Carlstrom^{11,21,23,18,12}, Julien Carron²⁴, Anthony Challinor^25,3,26, Clarence L. Chang^18,11,12, Prakrut Chaubal¹³, Geoff Chen²⁷, Paul M. Chichura^23,11, Steve K. Choi²⁸, Aman Chokshi²⁷, Ti-Lin Chou^12,11, Anna Coerver²⁹, William Coulton^25,3, Thomas M. Crawford^11,12, Cail Daley^30,31, Omar Darwish³², Tijmen de Haan³³, Mark J. Devlin³⁴, Karia R. Dibert^12,11, Matthew A. Dobbs^35,36, Michael Doohan¹³, Aristide Doussot¹⁵, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden³⁷, Jo Dunkley^14,38, Rolando Dunner³⁹, Daniel Dutcher¹⁴, Carmen Embil Villagra^7,3, Wendy Everett⁴⁰, Gerrit S. Farren^41,42, Chang Feng⁴³, Simone Ferraro^41,29,42, Kyle R. Ferguson^44,45, Kyra Fichman^23,11, Emily Finson⁴⁶, Allen Foster¹⁴, Patricio A. Gallardo⁴⁷, Silvia Galli¹⁵, Anne E. Gambrel¹¹, Rob W. Gardner²¹, Neil Goeckner-Wald^2,1, Riccardo Gualtieri^18,48, Federica Guidi¹⁵, Sam Guns²⁹, Mark Halpern⁴⁹, Nils W. Halverson^50,51, J. Colin Hill⁵², Matt Hilton^53,54, Eric Hivon¹⁵, Gilbert P. Holder⁴³, William L. Holzapfel²⁹, John C. Hood¹¹, Doug Howe²⁷, Alec Hryciuk^23,11, Nicholas Huang²⁹, Johannes Hubmayr⁵⁵, Florian Kéruzoré¹⁸, Ali R. Khalife¹⁵, Joshua Kim⁸, Lloyd Knox⁴, Milo Korman⁵⁶, Kayla Kornoelje^12,11, Arthur Kosowsky⁵⁷, Chao-Lin Kuo^1,2,6, Hidde T. Jense²², Adrien La Posta⁵⁸, Kevin Levy¹³, Amy E. Lowitz¹¹, Thibaut Louis⁵⁹, Chunyu Lu⁴³, Gabriel P. Lynch⁴, Niall MacCrann^26,3, Abhishek Maniyar^1,2,6, Emily S. Martsen^12,11, Jeff McMahon^60,61,62,63, Felipe Menanteau^31,64, Joshua Montgomery³⁵, Yuka Nakato², Kavilan Moodley^65,66, Toshiya Namikawa^7,67,3, Tyler Natoli¹¹, Michael D. Niemack^68,16, Gavin I. Noble⁶⁹, Yuuki Omori^12,11, Aaron Ouellette⁴³, Lyman A. Page¹⁴, Zhaodi Pan^18,11,23, Pascal Paschos²¹, Kedar A. Phadke^31,64, Alexander W. Pollak²⁷, Karthik Prabhu⁴, Wei Quan^18,23,11, Srinivasan Raghunathan⁶⁴, Mahsa Rahimi¹³, Alexandra Rahlin^12,11, Christian L. Reichardt¹³, Dave Riebel²⁷, Maclean Rouble³⁵, John E. Ruhl⁵⁶, Emmanuel Schaan^6,1, Eduardo Schiappucci¹³, Neelima Sehgal⁷⁰, Carlos E. Sierra^1,6, Aidan Simpson^12,11, Blake D. Sherwin^7,3, Cristóbal Sifón⁷¹, David N. Spergel⁷², Suzanne T. Staggs¹⁴, Joshua A. Sobrin^10,11, Antony A. Stark⁷³, Judith Stephen²¹, Chris Tandoi³¹, Ben Thorne⁴, Cynthia Trendafilova⁶⁴, Caterina Umilta⁴³, Alexander Van Engelen⁷⁴, Joaquin D. Vieira^31,43,64, Aline Vitrier¹⁵, Yujie Wan^31,64, Nathan Whitehorn⁴⁵, Edward J. Wollack⁷⁵, Matthew R. Young^10,11, and Jessica A. Zebrowski^11,12,10 (ACT + SPT-3G Collaborations)

¹Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
²Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
³Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
⁵Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
⁶SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
⁷DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁹Department of Statistics, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
¹⁰Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
¹¹Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
¹²Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
¹³School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
¹⁴Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
¹⁵Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹⁶Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
¹⁷Universite Paris Cite, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
¹⁸High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
¹⁹Department of Physics, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
²⁰Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5S 3H8
²¹Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
²²School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
²³Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
²⁴Université de Genéve, Département de Physique Théorique, 24 Quai Ansermet, CH-1211 Genéve 4, Switzerland
²⁵Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
²⁶DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, United Kingdom
²⁷University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
²⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA
²⁹Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
³⁰Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
³¹Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
³²Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique et CAP, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
³³High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
³⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
³⁵Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
³⁶Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
³⁷Max-Planck-Institut fur Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
³⁸Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
³⁹Instituto de Astrofísica and Centro de Astro-Ingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
⁴⁰Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
⁴¹Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁴²Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁴³Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
⁴⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
⁴⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
⁴⁶Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
⁴⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁴⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 633 Clark St, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
⁴⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
⁵⁰CASA, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
⁵¹Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
⁵²Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
⁵³Wits Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
⁵⁴Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
⁵⁵Quantum Sensors Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
⁵⁶Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
⁵⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
⁵⁸Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
⁵⁹Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁰Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
⁶¹Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
⁶²Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
⁶³Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
⁶⁴Center for AstroPhysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
⁶⁵Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
⁶⁶School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
⁶⁷Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
⁶⁸Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
⁶⁹Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics and David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H4, Canada
⁷⁰Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
⁷¹Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
⁷²Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
⁷³Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
⁷⁴School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
⁷⁵NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA

^*Contact author: jq247@cantab.ac.uk

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 021001 – Published 14 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/k5yr-3h6d

Abstract

We present the tightest cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing constraints to date on the growth of structure by combining CMB lensing measurements from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), the South Pole Telescope (SPT), and Planck. Each of these surveys individually provides lensing measurements with similarly high statistical power, achieving signal-to-noise ratios of approximately 40. The combined lensing band powers represent the most precise CMB lensing power spectrum measurement to date with a signal-to-noise ratio of 61 and an amplitude of $A_{lens}^{recon} = 1.025 \pm 0.017$ with respect to the theory prediction from the best-fit CMB Planck-ACT cosmology. The band powers from all three lensing datasets, analyzed jointly, yield a 1.6% measurement of the parameter combination $S_{8}^{CMBL} \equiv σ_{8} (Ω_{m} / 0.3)^{0.25} = 0.82 5_{- 0.013}^{+ 0.015}$ . Including dark energy spectroscopic instrument baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data improves the constraint on the amplitude of matter fluctuations to $σ_{8} = 0.829 \pm 0.009$ (a 1.1% determination). When combining with uncalibrated supernovae from Pantheon+, we present a 4% sound-horizon-independent estimate of $H_{0} = 66.4 \pm 2.5 km s^{- 1} {Mpc}^{- 1}$ . The joint lensing constraints on structure growth and present-day Hubble rate are fully consistent with a $Λ CDM$ model fit to the primary CMB data from Planck and ACT. While the precise upper limit is sensitive to the choice of data and underlying model assumptions, when varying the neutrino mass sum within the $Λ CDM$ cosmological model, the combination of primary CMB, BAO, and CMB lensing drives the probable upper limit for the mass sum towards lower values, comparable to the minimum mass prior required by neutrino oscillation experiments.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 021001– Published 14 January, 2026

Vol. 136, Iss. 2 — 16 January 2026

Received 14 May 2025
Revised 6 October 2025
Accepted 21 November 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/k5yr-3h6d

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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Unified and Consistent Structure Growth Measurements from Joint ACT, SPT, and Planck CMB Lensing

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