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Evidence for J/ψ Suppression in Incoherent Photonuclear Production

S. Acharya50, A. Agarwal133, G. Aglieri Rinella32, L. Aglietta24, M. Agnello29, N. Agrawal25, Z. Ahammed133, S. Ahmad15, S. U. Ahn71 et al. (ALICE Collaboration)

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  • 1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
  • 2AGH University of Krakow, Cracow, Poland
  • 3Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
  • 4Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India
  • 5California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
  • 6Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
  • 7Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
  • 8Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
  • 9Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • 10China Nuclear Data Center, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
  • 11China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
  • 12Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
  • 13Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
  • 14Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
  • 15Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
  • 16Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
  • 17Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  • 18Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
  • 19Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  • 20Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 21Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
  • 22Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
  • 23Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
  • 24Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
  • 25Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
  • 26Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
  • 27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
  • 28Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
  • 29Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
  • 30Dipartimento di Scienze MIFT, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
  • 31Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica “M. Merlin” and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
  • 32European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
  • 33Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
  • 34Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 35Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
  • 36Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
  • 37Faculty of Technology, Environmental and Social Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  • 38Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
  • 39Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  • 40Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
  • 41Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India
  • 42Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
  • 43Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
  • 44High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
  • 45Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
  • 46HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
  • 47Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
  • 48Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
  • 49INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
  • 50INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
  • 51INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 52INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
  • 53INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 54INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
  • 55INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
  • 56INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
  • 57INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  • 58Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
  • 59Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands
  • 60Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
  • 61Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 62Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 63Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
  • 64Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
  • 65Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 66Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 67Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 68iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
  • 69Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
  • 70Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany
  • 71Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  • 72Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France
  • 73Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
  • 74Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, Sweden
  • 75Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
  • 76Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan
  • 77National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
  • 78National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
  • 79National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India
  • 80National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
  • 81National Research and Innovation Agency—BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 82Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 83Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 84Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom
  • 85Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
  • 86Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
  • 87Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
  • 88Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 89Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  • 90Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
  • 91Physics Program and International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
  • 92Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
  • 93Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 94Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
  • 95Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
  • 96Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
  • 97Saga University, Saga, Japan
  • 98Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
  • 99School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • 100Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
  • 101Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria
  • 102SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
  • 103Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Republic of Korea
  • 104Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
  • 105Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
  • 106The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
  • 107The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
  • 108Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
  • 109Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
  • 110Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
  • 111Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
  • 112Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Bucharest, Romania
  • 113University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
  • 114University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
  • 115University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
  • 116University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
  • 117University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  • 118University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
  • 119University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
  • 120University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
  • 121University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • 122University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • 123University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  • 124Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany
  • 125Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
  • 126Université de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Lyon, France
  • 127Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, France
  • 128Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France
  • 129Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
  • 130Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
  • 131Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
  • 132Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
  • 133Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
  • 134Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
  • 135Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
  • 136Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
  • 137Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
  • 138Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  • 139Affiliated with an institute formerly covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN
  • 140Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN

  • *Full author list given at the end of the Letter.
  • aDeceased.
  • bAlso at Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Munich, Germany.
  • cAlso at Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy.
  • dAlso at Instituto de Fisica da Universidade de Sao Paulo.
  • eAlso at Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
  • fAlso at Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
  • gAlso at Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
  • hAlso at Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 052301 – Published 29 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/jmwb-75m7

Abstract

According to quantum chromodynamics, at sufficiently high energy, the structure of hadrons reveals a dynamic equilibrium between gluon splitting and gluon recombination—a phenomenon known as saturation. The process of diffractive photonuclear production of a J/ψ vector meson provides a direct insight into the gluon composition of hadrons. The J/ψ production as a function of momentum transferred in the interaction, quantified by the Mandelstam-t variable, serves as an excellent probe for studying the structure of hadrons within the impact-parameter plane, because different ranges in t are sensitive to the dynamics of the gluon field at varying spatial size scales. The ALICE Collaboration has measured the energy dependence of incoherent photonuclear production of J/ψ mesons off lead ions, at sNN=5.02  TeV, for three Mandelstam-t intervals. The energy dependence of the photonuclear cross section at the highest |t| range measured, (0.81<|t|<1.44)  GeV2, is sensitive to subnucleonic structures of the Pb target. The increase of the cross section with energy at large |t| shows evidence of suppression with respect to the increase seen at low |t|. The observed pattern of the energy evolution in data is similar to that of gluon saturation models.

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