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    Extracting Topological Spins from Bulk Multipartite Entanglement

    Yarden Sheffer*, Ady Stern, and Erez Berg

    • *Contact author: yarden.sheffer@gmail.com

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 086601 – Published 22 August, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/h53w-64dy

    Abstract

    We address the problem of identifying a 2+1D topologically ordered phase using measurements on the ground-state wave function. For nonchiral topological order, we describe a series of bulk multipartite entanglement measures that extract the invariants ∑a da2θar for any r≥2, where da and θa are the quantum dimension and topological spin of an anyon a, respectively. These invariants are obtained as expectation values of permutation operators between 2r replicas of the wave function, applying different permutations on four distinct regions of the plane. Our proposed measures provide a refined tool for distinguishing topological phases, capturing information beyond conventional entanglement measures such as the topological entanglement entropy. We argue that any operator capable of extracting the above invariants must act on at least 2r replicas, making our procedure optimal in terms of the required number of replicas. We discuss the generalization of our results to chiral states.

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