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Measurement of Reactor Antineutrino Oscillation at SNO+

M. Abreu1,2, V. Albanese3,4, A. Allega3, R. Alves5, M. R. Anderson3, S. Andringa1, L. Anselmo6, J. Antunes1,2, E. Arushanova7 et al. (SNO+Collaboration)

E. Arushanova7, S. Asahi3, M. Askins8,9,10, D. M. Asner6,11, D. J. Auty12, A. R. Back7,13, S. Back6,3, A. Bacon14, T. Baltazar1,2, F. Barão1,2, Z. Barnard4, A. Barr6, N. Barros15,16,14,17,1, D. Bartlett3, R. Bayes3,4, C. Beaudoin4,3, E. W. Beier14, G. Berardi6,3, T. S. Bezerra13, A. Bialek6,4,3,12, S. D. Biller18, E. Blucher19, A. Boeltzig17, R. Bonventre8,9,14, M. Boulay3, D. Braid4, E. Caden6,4,3, E. J. Callaghan8,9,14, J. Caravaca8,9, J. Carvalho5,16, L. Cavalli18, D. Chauhan6,3,1,4, M. Chen3, S. Cheng3, O. Chkvorets4, K. J. Clark3,13,18, B. Cleveland6,4, C. Connors4, D. Cookman20,18, J. Corning3, I. T. Coulter14,18, M. A. Cox21,1, D. Cressy4, X. Dai3, C. Darrach4, S. DeGraw18, R. Dehghani3, J. Deloye4, M. M. Depatie3,4, F. Descamps8,9, C. Dima13, J. Dittmer17, K. H. Dixon20, F. Di Lodovico20,7, A. Doxtator6, N. Duhaime4, F. Duncan6,4, J. Dunger7,18, A. D. Earle13, M. S. Esmaeilian12, D. Fabris6,3, E. Falk13, A. Farrugia4, N. Fatemighomi6,3, C. Felber4, V. Fischer10, E. Fletcher3, R. Ford6,4, K. Frankiewicz22, N. Gagnon6, A. Gaur12, J. Gauthier3,6, A. Gibson-Foster13, K. Gilje12, O. I. González-Reina23, D. Gooding22, P. Gorel12, K. Graham3, C. Grant22,10, J. Grove3,4, S. Grullon14, E. Guillian3, R. L. Hahn11, S. Hall6, A. L. Hallin12, D. Hallman4, S. Hans11, J. Hartnell13, P. Harvey3, C. Hearns3, M. R. Hebert8,9, M. Hedayatipour12, W. J. Heintzelman14, J. Heise3, R. L. Helmer24, C. Hewitt18, B. Hodak3, M. Hodak6,3, M. Hood6, D. Horne3, M. Howe25, B. Hreljac3,4, J. Hu12, P. Huang18, R. Hunt-Stokes18, T. Iida3, A. S. Inácio18,1,26, C. M. Jackson8,9, N. A. Jelley18, C. J. Jillings6,4, C. Jones18, P. G. Jones7,18, S. Kaluzienski3, K. Kamdin8,9, T. Kaptanoglu8,9,14, J. Kaspar27, K. Keeter28, C. Kefelian8,9, P. Khaghani4, L. Kippenbrock27, J. Kladnik1, J. R. Klein14, R. Knapik14,29, J. Kofron27, L. L. Kormos30, S. Korte4, B. Krar3, C. Kraus6,3, C. B. Krauss12, T. Kroupová14,18, K. Labe19, F. Lafleur6, C. Lake4, I. Lam3, C. Lan3, B. J. Land14,8,9, R. Lane7, S. Langrock7, P. Larochelle6,3, S. Larose6, A. LaTorre19, I. Lawson6,4, L. Lebanowski8,9,14, J. Lee3, C. Lefebvre3, G. M. Lefeuvre13, E. J. Leming13,18, A. Li22, O. Li6, J. Lidgard18, B. Liggins7, P. Liimatainen6, Y. H. Lin3,4,6, X. Liu3, Y. Liu3, V. Lozza1,26,17, M. Luo14, S. Maguire6,11,4, A. Maio1,26, K. Majumdar18, S. Manecki6,3, J. Maneira1,26, R. D. Martin3, E. Marzec14, A. Mastbaum19,14, A. Mathewson6, N. McCauley21, A. B. McDonald3, K. McFarlane6, P. Mekarski12, M. Meyer17, C. Miller3, C. Mills13, G. Milton18, M. Mlejnek13, E. Mony3, B. Morissette6, D. Morris3, I. Morton-Blake18, M. J. Mottram13,7, M. Mubasher12, S. Nae1,26, S. Naugle14, M. Newcomer14, M. Nirkko13, L. J. Nolan4,7, V. M. Novikov3, H. M. O’Keeffe30,3, E. O’Sullivan3, G. D. Orebi Gann8,9,14, S. Ouyang31,32, J. Page3,13, S. Pal3, K. Paleshi4, W. Parker18, M. J. Parnell30, J. Paton18, S. J. M. Peeters13, T. Pershing10, Z. Petriw12, J. Petzoldt17, L. J. Pickard8,9,10, D. Pracsovics4, G. Prior1, J. C. Prouty8,9, B. Quenallata15,16, S. Quirk3, P. Ravi4, S. Read6, A. Reichold18, M. Reinhard17, S. Riccetto3, M. Rigan13, I. Ritchie6, A. Robertson21, B. C. Robertson3, J. Rose21, R. Rosero11, P. M. Rost4, J. Rumleskie4, A. Sörensen17, P. Schrock17, M. A. Schumaker4, M. H. Schwendener4, D. Scislowski27, J. Secrest14,33, M. Seddighin3, L. Segui18, S. Seibert14, I. Semenec3,4, F. Shaker12, T. Shantz6,4, M. K. Sharma34, J. Shen14, T. M. Shokair14, L. Sibley12, J. Simms18, J. R. Sinclair13, K. Singh12, P. Skensved3, M. Smiley8,9, T. Sonley6,3, M. St-Amant6, R. Stainforth21, S. Stankiewicz6, M. Strait19, M. I. Stringer7,13, A. Stripay6,3, R. Svoboda10, S. Tacchino3,6, R. Tafirout24, B. Tam18,3, C. Tanguay4, J. Tatar27, L. Tian3, N. Tolich27, J. Tseng18, H. W. C. Tseung27, E. Turner18, E. Vázquez-Jáuregui23,6,4, S. Valder13, R. Van Berg14, J. G. C. Veinot35, C. J. Virtue4, B. von Krosigk17, J. M. G. Walker21, M. Walker3, J. Wallig9, S. C. Walton4, F. Wang31,32, J. Wang18, M. Ward3, J. Waterfield13, J. J. Weigand36, R. F. White13, J. F. Wilkerson25, J. R. Wilson20,7, J. D. Wilson12, T. J. Winchester27, P. Woosaree4, A. Wright3, S. Yang12, K. Yazigi12, Z. Ye14, M. Yeh11, S. Yu3,4, T. Zhang10, Y. Zhang31,32,12, T. Zhao3, K. Zuber17,37, and A. Zummo14 (SNO+Collaboration)

  • 1Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
  • 2Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Departamento de Física, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
  • 3Queen’s University, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
  • 4Laurentian University, School of Natural Sciences, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
  • 5Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 3004-516, Coimbra, Portugal
  • 6SNOLAB, Creighton Mine No. 9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
  • 7Queen Mary, University of London, School of Physics and Astronomy, 327 Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
  • 8University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 9Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-8153, USA
  • 10University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
  • 11Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-500, USA
  • 12University of Alberta, Department of Physics, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
  • 13University of Sussex, Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
  • 14University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA
  • 15Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
  • 16Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Física (FCTUC), 3004-516, Coimbra, Portugal
  • 17Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Kern und Teilchenphysik, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden, 01069, Germany
  • 18University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
  • 19The Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
  • 20King’s College London, Department of Physics, Strand Building, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
  • 21University of Liverpool, Department of Physics, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom
  • 22Boston University, Department of Physics, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
  • 23Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Física, Apartado Postal 20-364, México D.F., 01000, México
  • 24TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
  • 25University of North Carolina, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Phillips Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3255, USA
  • 26Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências (FCUL), Departamento de Física, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
  • 27University of Washington, Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
  • 28Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave, Mail Stop 8106, Pocatello, Idaho 83209-8106, USA
  • 29Norwich University, 158 Harmon Drive, Northfield, Vermont 05663, USA
  • 30Lancaster University, Physics Department, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
  • 31Research Center for Particle Science and Technology, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
  • 32Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
  • 33Armstrong Atlantic State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, USA
  • 34University of Alberta, Department of Chemistry, 1-001 CCIS, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
  • 35University of Alberta, Department of Chemistry, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
  • 36Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, 01062, Germany
  • 37MTA Atomki, 4001 Debrecen, Hungary

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 121801 – Published 15 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/gypt-lc9v

Abstract

SNO+ Collaboration reports its second spectral analysis of reactor antineutrino oscillation using 286 ton-yr of new data. The measured energies of reactor antineutrino candidates were fitted to obtain the second-most precise determination of the neutrino mass-squared difference Δm212=(7.96−0.42+0.48)×10−5  eV2. Constraining Δm212 and sin2θ12 with measurements from long-baseline reactor antineutrino and solar neutrino experiments yields Δm212=(7.58−0.17+0.18)×10−5  eV2 and sin2θ12=0.308±0.013. This fit also yields a first measurement of the flux of geoneutrinos in the Western Hemisphere, with 73−43+47 TNU at SNO+.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 121801– Published 15 September, 2025
  • Received 7 May 2025
  • Accepted 11 August 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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