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    Proper Definition of Intrinsic Nonlinear Current

    Cong Xiao1,*,†, Jin Cao2,*, Qian Niu3, and Shengyuan A. Yang2

    • 1Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Physics and Information Sciences (ICTPIS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
    • 2Research Laboratory for Quantum Materials, Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
    • 3International Centre for Quantum Design of Functional Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: congxiao@fudan.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 256306 – Published 19 December, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/g6yz-pwzh

    Abstract

    We show that the three commonly employed approaches that define the same dc (or low-frequency) intrinsic linear anomalous Hall response actually lead to different results for intrinsic nonlinear transport. The difference is due to an intrinsic anomalous distribution (IAD). It originates from a nonlinear field effect during scattering, but its value is completely independent of scattering, because it represents the local equilibration of electron wave packets with field corrected energy. The proper definition of intrinsic current that is detectable in experiment must incorporate the effect of IAD. We also show that IAD is indispensable for consistency with fundamental physical relations. In addition, we predict that under ac driving, the intrinsic reponses in rectified and double-frequency channels exhibit distinct frequency dependence, for which we estimate the signals that can be probed in antiferromagnetic CuMnAs.

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