Open Access

Measurement of Charged-Particle Production in $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 9.62 TeV$ Proton-Oxygen Collisions as a Probe of Cosmic-Ray Air Showers with the ATLAS Detector

G. Aad ¹⁰², E. Aakvaag ¹⁷, B. Abbott ¹²¹, S. Abdelhameed ^83b, K. Abeling ⁵⁴, N. J. Abicht ⁴⁸, S. H. Abidi ³⁰, M. Aboelela ⁴⁴, A. Aboulhorma ^36e et al. (ATLAS Collaboration)

A. Aboulhorma ^36e, H. Abramowicz ¹⁵⁴, B. S. Acharya ^68a,68b,b, A. Ackermann ^62a, J. Ackerschott ⁵⁵, C. Adam Bourdarios ⁴, L. Adamczyk ^85a, S. V. Addepalli ¹⁴⁶, M. J. Addison ¹⁰¹, J. Adelman ¹¹⁷, A. Adiguzel ^22c, T. Adye ¹³⁵, A. A. Affolder ¹³⁷, Y. Afik ³⁹, M. N. Agaras ¹³, A. Aggarwal ¹⁰⁰, C. Agheorghiesei ^28c, A. Ahmad ^83a, F. Ahmadov ^38,c, S. Ahuja ⁹⁵, S. Ahuja ¹⁶⁵, X. Ai ^113c, G. Aielli ^75a,75b, A. Aikot ¹⁶⁵, M. Ait Tamlihat ^36e, T. P. A. Åkesson ⁹⁸, D. Akiyama ¹⁷⁰, N. N. Akolkar ²⁵, S. Aktas ¹⁶⁸, G. L. Alberghi ^24b, J. Albert ¹⁶⁷, U. Alberti ²⁰, P. Albicocco ⁵², S. Alderweireldt ⁵¹, Z. L. Alegria ¹²², M. Aleksa ³⁷, I. N. Aleksandrov ³⁸, C. Alexa ^28b, T. Alexopoulos ¹⁰, F. Alfonsi ^24b, M. Algren ⁵⁵, M. Alhroob ¹⁶⁹, B. Ali ¹³³, H. M. J. Ali ^91,d, S. Ali ³², S. W. Alibocus ⁹², M. Aliev ^34c, G. Alimonti ^70a, C. Allaire ⁶⁵, B. M. M. Allbrooke ¹⁴⁹, D. R. Allen ¹²², J. S. Allen ¹⁰¹, J. F. Allen ⁵¹, C. S. Alley ¹, E. R. Almazan ¹³⁷, A. Aloisio ^71a,71b, F. Alonso ⁹⁰, C. Alpigiani ¹⁴⁰, A. Alvarez Fernandez ¹⁰⁰, M. Alves Cardoso ⁵⁵, M. G. Alviggi ^71a,71b, M. Aly ¹⁰¹, Y. Amaral Coutinho ^81b, C. Amelung³⁷, M. Amerl ¹⁰¹, T. Amezza ¹²⁸, B. Amini ⁵³, K. Amirie ¹⁵⁸, A. Amirkhanov ³⁸, D. Amperiadou ¹⁵⁵, S. An⁸², C. Anastopoulos ¹⁴², T. Andeen ¹¹, J. K. Anders ⁹², A. C. Anderson ⁵⁸, A. Andreazza ^70a,70b, S. Angelidakis ⁹, A. Angerami ⁴¹, A. V. Anisenkov ³⁸, A. Annovi ^73a, C. Antel ³⁷, E. Antipov ¹⁴⁸, M. Antonelli ⁵², F. Anulli ^74a, M. Aoki ⁸², T. Aoki ¹⁵⁶, M. A. Aparo ¹³, L. Aperio Bella ⁴⁷, M. Apicella³¹, C. Appelt ¹⁵⁴, A. Apyan ²⁷, M. Arampatzi ¹⁰, S. J. Arbiol Val ⁸⁶, C. Arcangeletti ⁵², A. T. H. Arce ⁵⁰, M. Arcuri ^43b,43a, J-F. Arguin ¹⁰⁸, S. Argyropoulos ¹⁵⁵, J.-H. Arling ⁴⁷, O. Arnaez ⁴, H. Arnold ¹⁴⁸, G. Artoni ^74a,74b, H. Asada ¹¹¹, S. Asatryan ¹⁷⁵, N. A. Asbah ³⁷, R. A. Ashby Pickering ¹⁶⁹, A. M. Aslam ⁹⁵, J. Assahsah ^36d, K. Assamagan ³⁰, R. Astalos ^29a, K. S. V. Astrand ⁹⁸, S. Atashi ¹⁶², R. J. Atkin ^34a, H. Atmani^36f, P. A. Atmasiddha ¹²⁹, K. Augsten ¹³³, A. D. Auriol ⁴⁰, V. A. Austrup ¹⁰¹, A. S. Avad ⁹⁴, G. Avolio ³⁷, A. Azzam ¹³, D. Babal ^29b, H. Bachacou ¹³⁶, K. Bachas ^155,e, A. Bachiu ³⁵, E. Bachmann ⁴⁹, M. J. Backes ^62a, A. Badea ³⁹, T. M. Baer ¹⁰⁶, M. Bahmani ¹⁹, D. Bahner ⁵³, K. Bai ¹²⁴, L. Baines ⁹⁴, O. K. Baker ¹⁷⁴, D. Bakshi Gupta ⁸, L. E. Balabram Filho ^81b, V. Balakrishnan ¹²¹, R. Balasubramanian ⁴, P. Balek ^85a, E. Ballabene ^24b,24a, F. Balli ¹³⁶, L. M. Baltes ^62a, W. K. Balunas ¹²⁷, I. Bamwidhi ^83c, E. Banas ⁸⁶, M. Bandieramonte ¹³⁰, S. Bansal ²⁵, L. Barak ¹⁵⁴, M. Barakat ⁴⁷, E. L. Barberio ¹⁰⁵, D. Barberis ^18b, M. Barbero ¹⁰², M. Z. Barel ¹¹⁶, T. Barillari ¹¹⁰, M-S. Barisits ³⁷, T. Barklow ¹⁴⁶, P. Baron ¹³⁴, D. A. Baron Moreno ¹⁰¹, A. Baroncelli ⁶¹, A. J. Barr ¹²⁷, J. D. Barr ⁹⁶, F. Barreiro ⁹⁹, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa ¹⁴, M. G. Barros Teixeira ^131a, F. Bartels ³⁷, R. Bartoldus ¹⁴⁶, A. E. Barton ⁹¹, P. Bartos ^29a, M. Baselga ⁴⁸, S. Bashiri⁸⁶, A. Bassalat ^65,f, M. J. 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Farrington ⁶⁰, S. M. Farrington ^135,51, F. Fassi ^36e, D. Fassouliotis ⁹, L. Fayard ⁶⁵, G. Fazzino ^62b, P. Federic ¹³⁴, P. Federicova ¹³², M. Feickert ¹⁷², L. Feligioni ¹⁰², D. E. Fellers ^18a, C. Feng ^113b, Y. Feng¹⁴, Z. Feng ⁶⁵, B. Fernandez Barbadillo ⁹¹, P. Fernandez Martinez ⁶⁶, C. Fernandez Ruiz ³³, J. Ferrando ⁹¹, A. Ferrari ¹⁶³, P. Ferrari ^116,115, R. Ferrari ^72a, D. Ferrere ⁵⁵, C. Ferretti ¹⁰⁶, M. P. Fewell ¹, D. Fiacco ^74a,74b, F. Fiedler ¹⁰⁰, P. Fiedler ¹³³, S. Filimonov ³⁸, M. S. Filip ^28b,q, A. Filipčič ⁹³, E. K. Filmer ^159a, F. Filthaut ¹¹⁵, M. C. N. Fiolhais ^131a,131c,r, L. Fiorini ¹⁶⁵, W. C. Fisher ¹⁰⁷, T. Fitschen ¹⁰¹, I. Fleck ¹⁴⁴, P. Fleischmann ¹⁰⁶, T. Flick ¹⁷³, M. Flores ^34d,s, L. R. Flores Castillo ^63a, M. Foll ¹²⁶, F. M. Follega ^77a,77b, N. Fomin ³³, J. H. Foo ¹⁵⁸, A. Formica ¹³⁶, M. Fornasiero ¹⁴⁹, A. C. Forti ¹⁰¹, N. Forti ^24b,24a, E. Fortin ¹⁰², A. W. Fortman ^18a, L. Foster ^18a, L. Fountas ⁹, H. Fox ⁹¹, P. Francavilla ^73a,73b, S. Francescato ⁶⁰, S. Franchellucci ²⁰, M. Franchini ^24b,24a, S. Franchino ^62a, D. Francis³⁷, L. Franco ⁴⁷, L. Franconi ⁴⁷, M. Franklin ⁶⁰, G. Frattari ³⁷, Y. Y. Frid ¹⁵⁴, N. Fritzsche ³⁷, A. Froch ⁵⁵, D. Froidevaux ³⁷, J. A. Frost ¹³⁵, Y. Fu ¹⁰⁷, S. Fuenzalida Garrido ^138g, Y. C. Fujikake ¹³⁷, M. Fujimoto ¹⁴⁸, K. Y. Fung ^63a, E. Furtado De Simas Filho^81e, M. Furukawa ¹⁵⁶, M. Fuste Costa ⁴⁷, P. Fuste Martin ¹³, J. Fuster ¹⁶⁵, A. Gaa ⁵⁴, A. Gabrielli ^24b,24a, A. Gabrielli ¹⁵⁸, G. Gagliardi ^56b,56a, L. G. Gagnon ^18a, S. Galantzan ¹⁵⁴, J. Gallagher ¹, E. J. Gallas ¹²⁷, A. L. Gallen ¹⁶³, B. J. Gallop ¹³⁵, K. K. Gan ¹²⁰, Y. Gao ⁵¹, Z. Gao ^112a, A. Garabaglu ¹⁴⁰, F. M. Garay Walls ^138a,138b, C. García¹⁶⁵, A. Garcia Alonso ¹¹⁶, A. G. Garcia Caffaro ¹⁷⁴, J. E. García Navarro¹⁶⁵, M. A. Garcia Ruiz ^23b, M. Garcia-Sciveres ^18a, G. L. Gardner ¹²⁹, R. W. Gardner ³⁹, N. Garelli ¹⁶¹, R. B. Garg ¹⁴⁶, J. M. Gargan ³³, C. A. Garner¹⁵⁸, C. M. Garvey ^34a, V. K. Gassmann¹⁶¹, G. Gaudio ^72a, A. J. Gavin ⁹⁴, J. Gavranovic ⁹³, I. L. Gavrilenko ^131a, C. Gay ¹⁶⁶, G. Gaycken ¹²⁴, A. Gekow¹²⁰, C. Gemme ^56b, M. H. Genest ⁵⁹, A. D. Gentry ¹¹⁴, S. George ⁹⁵, T. Geralis ⁴⁵, A. A. Gerwin ¹²¹, P. Gessinger-Befurt ³⁷, M. Ghani ¹⁶⁹, K. Ghorbanian ⁹⁴, A. Ghosal ¹⁴⁴, A. Ghosh ¹⁶², A. Ghosh ⁷, B. Giacobbe ^24b, S. Giagu ^74a,74b, A. Giannini ⁶¹, S. M. Gibson ⁹⁵, D. T. Gil ^85b, B. J. Gilbert ⁴¹, D. Gillberg ³⁵, G. Gilles ¹¹⁶, D. M. Gingrich ^2,t, M. P. Giordani ^68a,68c, P. F. Giraud ¹³⁶, G. Giugliarelli ^68a,68c, D. Giugni ^70a, F. Giuli ^75a,75b,u, I. Gkialas ^9,v, B. C. Gladwyn ¹²⁷, C. Glasman ⁹⁹, M. Glazewska ²⁰, R. M. Gleason ¹⁶², G. Glemža ⁴⁷, I. Gnesi ^24b,24a,w, Y. Go ³⁰, M. Goblirsch-Kolb ³⁷, B. Gocke ⁴⁸, D. Godin¹⁰⁸, B. Gokturk ^22a, S. Goldfarb ¹⁰⁵, T. Golling ⁵⁵, M. G. D. Gololo ^34c, A. Golub ¹⁴⁰, J. P. Gombas ¹⁰⁷, A. Gomes ^131a,131b, G. Gomes Da Silva ¹⁴⁴, A. J. Gomez Delegido ³⁷, R. Gonçalo ^131a, A. Gongadze ^152c, F. Gonnella ²¹, J. L. Gonski ¹⁴⁶, R. Y. González Andana ⁵¹, S. González de la Hoz ¹⁶⁵, M. V. Gonzalez Rodrigues ⁴⁷, R. Gonzalez Suarez ¹⁶³, S. Gonzalez-Sevilla ⁵⁵, L. Goossens ³⁷, B. Gorini ³⁷, E. Gorini ^69a,69b, A. Gorišek ⁹³, T. C. Gosart ¹²⁹, A. T. Goshaw ⁵⁰, M. I. Gostkin ³⁸, S. Goswami ¹²², C. A. Gottardo ³⁷, S. A. Gotz ¹⁰⁹, M. Gouighri ^36b, A. G. Goussiou ¹⁴⁰, N. Govender ^34c, R. P. Grabarczyk ¹²⁷, I. Grabowska-Bold ^85a, K. Graham ³⁵, E. Gramstad ¹²⁶, S. Grancagnolo ^69a,69b, C. M. Grant¹, P. M. Gravila ^28f, F. G. Gravili ^69a,69b, H. M. Gray ^18a, M. Greco ¹¹⁰, M. J. Green ¹, C. Grefe ²⁵, A. S. Grefsrud ¹⁷, I. M. Gregor ⁴⁷, K. T. Greif ¹⁶², P. Grenier ¹⁴⁶, S. G. Grewe¹¹⁰, K. Grimm ³², S. Grinstein ^13,x, E. Gross ¹⁷¹, J. Grosse-Knetter ⁵⁴, L. H. Grossman ^18b, L. Guan ¹⁰⁶, G. Guerrieri ³⁷, R. Guevara ¹²⁶, R. Gugel ¹⁰⁰, J. A. M. Guhit ¹⁰⁶, A. Guida ¹⁹, E. Guilloton ¹⁶⁹, S. Guindon ³⁷, F. Guo ^14,112c, J. Guo ^141a, L. Guo ⁴⁷, L. Guo ^112b,y, Y. Guo ¹⁰⁶, Y. Guo ⁴¹, A. Gupta ⁴⁸, R. Gupta ¹³⁰, S. Gupta ²⁷, S. Gurbuz ²⁵, S. S. Gurdasani ⁴⁷, G. Gustavino ^74a,74b, P. Gutierrez ¹²¹, L. F. Gutierrez Zagazeta ¹²⁹, M. Gutsche ⁴⁹, C. Gutschow ⁹⁶, W. Guérin ⁸⁹, C. Gwenlan ¹²⁷, C. B. Gwilliam ⁹², E. S. Haaland ¹²⁶, A. Haas ¹¹⁸, M. Habedank ⁵⁸, C. Haber ^18a, R. J. Haberle ¹⁷¹, H. K. Hadavand ⁸, A. Haddad ⁴⁰, A. Hadef ⁴⁹, A. I. Hagan ⁹¹, J. J. Hahn ¹⁴⁴, M. Haleem ¹⁶⁸, J. Haley ¹²², G. D. Hallewell ¹⁰², J. A. Hallford ⁴⁷, K. Hamano ¹⁶⁷, H. Hamdaoui ¹⁶³, M. Hamer ²⁵, S. E. D. Hammoud ⁶⁵, E. J. Hampshire ⁹⁵, L. Han ^112a, L. Han ⁶¹, S. Han ¹⁴, K. Hanagaki ⁸², M. Hance ¹³⁷, D. A. Hangal ⁴¹, H. Hanif ¹⁴⁵, M. D. Hank ¹²⁹, J. B. Hansen ⁴², P. H. Hansen ⁴², T. Harenberg ¹⁷³, S. Harkusha ¹⁷⁵, M. L. Harris ¹⁰³, Y. T. Harris ²⁵, J. Harrison ¹³, P. F. Harrison¹⁶⁹, M. L. E. Hart ⁹⁶, N. M. Hartman ¹¹⁰, N. M. Hartmann ¹⁰⁹, R. Z. Hasan ^95,135, Y. Hasegawa ¹⁴³, D. Hashimoto ¹¹¹, F. Haslbeck ³⁷, S. Hassan ¹²⁶, R. Hauser ¹⁰⁷, M. Haviernik ¹³⁴, C. M. Hawkes ²¹, R. J. Hawkings ³⁷, Y. Hayashi ¹⁵⁶, D. Hayden ¹⁰⁷, R. L. Hayes ¹¹⁶, C. P. Hays ¹²⁷, J. M. Hays ⁹⁴, H. S. Hayward ⁹², M. He ^14,112c, Y. He ⁴⁷, Y. He ⁹⁶, N. B. Heatley ⁹⁴, V. Hedberg ⁹⁸, J. Heilman ³⁵, S. Heim ⁴⁷, T. Heim ^18a, J. J. Heinrich ¹²⁴, L. Heinrich ¹¹⁰, J. Hejbal ¹³², M. Helbig ⁴⁹, A. Held ¹⁷², S. Hellesund ¹⁷, C. M. Helling ¹⁶⁶, F. N. E. Henry ⁵⁸, H. Herde ⁹⁸, Y. Hernández Jiménez ¹⁴⁸, G. Herten ⁵³, R. Hertenberger ¹⁰⁹, L. Hervas ³⁷, M. E. Hesping ¹⁰⁰, N. P. Hessey ^159a, J. Hessler ¹¹⁰, R. Hicks ¹²⁹, M. Hidaoui ^36b, N. Hidic ¹³⁴, E. Hill ¹⁵⁸, T. S. Hillersoy ¹⁷, S. J. Hillier ²¹, J. R. Hinds ¹⁰⁷, F. Hinterkeuser ²⁵, M. Hirose ¹²⁵, S. Hirose ¹⁶⁰, D. Hirschbuehl ¹⁷³, B. Hiti ⁹³, J. Hobbs ¹⁴⁸, R. Hobincu ^28e, N. Hod ¹⁷¹, A. M. Hodges ¹⁶⁴, M. C. Hodgkinson ¹⁴², B. H. Hodkinson ¹²⁷, A. Hoecker ³⁷, D. D. Hofer ¹⁰⁶, J. Hofer ¹⁶⁵, J. Hofner ¹⁰⁰, M. Holzbock ³⁷, L. B. A. H. Hommels ³³, V. Homsak ¹²⁷, J. J. Hong ⁶⁷, T. M. Hong ¹³⁰, R. Honscheid ¹²⁷, B. H. Hooberman ¹⁶⁴, W. H. Hopkins ⁶, M. C. Hoppesch ¹⁶⁴, Y. Horii ¹¹¹, M. E. Horstmann ¹¹⁰, M. M. Horzela ⁵⁴, S. Hou ¹⁵¹, M. R. Housenga ¹⁶⁴, J. Howarth ⁵⁸, J. Hoya ⁶, M. Hrabovsky ¹²³, T. Hryn’ova ⁴, P. J. Hsu ⁶⁴, S.-C. Hsu ¹⁴⁰, T. Hsu ⁶⁵, M. Hu ^18a, P. Hu ^63b, Q. Hu ⁶¹, S. Huang ³³, X. Huang ^14,112c, Y. Huang ¹³⁴, Y. Huang ^112b, Y. Huang ¹⁴, Z. Huang ⁶⁵, Z. Hubacek ¹³³, F. Huegging ²⁵, T. B. Huffman ¹²⁷, M. Hufnagel Maranha De Faria ^81a, C. A. Hugli ⁴⁷, M. Huhtinen ³⁷, S. K. Huiberts ¹⁷, R. Hulsken ¹⁰⁴, C. E. Hultquist ^18a, D. L. Humphreys ¹⁰³, N. Huseynov ¹², J. Huston ¹⁰⁷, B. Huth ³⁷, J. Huth ⁶⁰, L. Huth ⁴⁷, R. Hyneman ⁷, G. Iacobucci ⁵⁵, G. Iakovidis ³⁰, L. Iconomidou-Fayard ⁶⁵, J. P. Iddon ³⁷, P. Iengo ^71a,71b, Y. Iiyama ¹⁵⁶, T. Iizawa ¹⁵⁶, Y. Ikegami ⁸², D. Iliadis ¹⁵⁵, N. Ilic ¹⁵⁸, H. Imam ^36a, G. Inacio Goncalves ^81d, S. A. Infante Cabanas ^138c, T. Ingebretsen Carlson ^46a,46b, J. M. Inglis ⁹⁴, G. Introzzi ^72a,72b, M. Iodice ^76a, V. Ippolito ^74a,74b, R. K. Irwin ⁹², M. Ishino ¹⁵⁶, W. Islam ¹⁷², C. Issever ¹⁹, S. Istin ^22a,z, K. 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Valdes Santurio ^46a,46b, M. Valente ³⁷, S. Valentinetti ^24b,24a, A. Valero ¹⁶⁵, E. Valiente Moreno ¹⁶⁵, A. Vallier ⁸⁹, J. A. Valls Ferrer ¹⁶⁵, D. R. Van Arneman ¹¹⁶, R. Van Den Broucke ¹²⁸, A. Van Der Graaf ⁴⁸, H. Z. Van Der Schyf ^34j, P. Van Gemmeren ⁶, M. Van Rijnbach ³⁷, S. Van Stroud ⁹⁶, I. Van Vulpen ¹¹⁶, P. Vana ¹³⁴, M. Vanadia ^75a,75b, U. M. Vande Voorde ¹⁴⁷, W. Vandelli ³⁷, E. R. Vandewall ¹⁴⁶, D. Vannicola ¹⁵⁴, R. Vari ^74a, M. Varma ¹⁷⁴, E. W. Varnes ⁷, C. Varni ^85a, D. Varouchas ⁶⁵, L. Varriale ¹⁶⁵, K. E. Varvell ¹⁵⁰, M. E. Vasile ^28b, A. Vasileiadou⁹, L. Vaslin⁸², M. D. Vassilev ¹⁴⁶, A. Vasyukov ³⁸, L. M. Vaughan ¹²², R. Vavricka¹³⁴, T. Vazquez Schroeder ¹³, J. Veatch ³², V. Vecchio ¹⁰¹, M. J. Veen ¹⁰³, I. Veliscek ³⁰, I. Velkovska ⁹³, L. M. Veloce ¹⁵⁸, F. Veloso ^131a,131c, A. G. Veltman ⁵¹, S. H. Venetianer ¹⁶¹, S. Veneziano ^74a, A. Ventura ^69a,69b, A. Verbytskyi ¹¹⁰, M. Verducci ^73a,73b, C. Vergis ⁹⁴, M. Verissimo De Araujo ^81b, W. Verkerke ¹¹⁶, J. C. Vermeulen ¹¹⁶, C. Vernieri ¹⁴⁶, M. Vessella ¹⁶², M. C. Vetterli ^145,t, A. Vgenopoulos ¹⁰⁰, N. Viaux Maira ^138g,rr, L. Vicenik ¹³³, T. Vickey ¹⁴², O. E. Vickey Boeriu ¹⁴², G. H. A. Viehhauser ¹²⁷, L. Vigani ^62b, M. Vigl ¹¹⁰, M. Villa ^24b,24a, M. Villaplana Perez ¹⁶⁵, E. M. Villhauer³⁹, E. Vilucchi ⁵², M. Vincent ¹⁶⁵, M. G. Vincter ³⁵, A. Visibile ¹¹⁶, A. Visive ¹¹⁶, C. Vittori ¹⁶¹, I. Vivarelli ^24b,24a, M. I. Vivas Albornoz ⁴⁷, E. Voevodina ¹¹⁰, F. Vogel ¹⁰⁹, J. C. Voigt ⁴⁹, P. Vokac ¹³³, Yu. Volkotrub ^85b, L. Vomberg ²⁵, E. Von Toerne ²⁵, B. Vormwald ³⁷, K. Vorobev ⁵⁰, M. Vos ¹⁶⁵, K. Voss ¹⁴⁴, M. Vozak ³⁷, L. Vozdecky ¹²¹, N. Vranjes ¹⁶, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic ¹⁶, M. Vreeswijk ¹¹⁶, N. K. Vu ^112a, R. Vuillermet ³⁷, I. Vukotic ³⁹, I. K. Vyas ³⁵, J. F. Wack ³³, A. Wada ¹¹¹, S. Wada ¹⁶⁰, C. Wagner¹⁴⁶, J. M. Wagner ^18a, W. Wagner ¹⁷³, S. Wahdan ¹⁷³, H. Wahlberg ⁹⁰, C. H. Waits ¹²¹, J. Walder ¹³⁵, R. Walker ¹⁰⁹, K. Walkingshaw Pass ⁵⁸, W. Walkowiak ¹⁴⁴, A. Wall ¹²⁹, E. J. Wallin ⁹⁸, T. Wamorkar ¹⁴⁶, K. Wandall-Christensen ¹⁶⁵, A. Wang ⁶¹, A. Z. Wang ¹³⁷, C. Wang ⁴⁷, C. Wang ¹¹, H. Wang ^18a, J. Wang ^63c, P. Wang ¹⁰¹, P. Wang ⁹⁶, R. Wang ⁶⁰, R. Wang ¹⁰⁶, R. Wang ⁶, S. M. Wang ¹⁵¹, S. Wang ^14,ss, T. Wang ¹¹⁵, T. Wang ⁶¹, W. T. Wang ¹²⁷, W. Wang^113c, X. Wang ¹⁶⁴, X. Wang ^141a, X. Wang ⁴⁷, Y. Wang ¹⁴⁸, Y. Wang ¹¹⁴, Z. Wang ¹⁴, Z. Wang^63b, C. Wanotayaroj ⁸², A. Warburton ¹⁰⁴, A. L. Warnerbring ¹⁴⁴, S. Waterhouse ⁹⁶, A. T. Watson ²¹, H. Watson ⁵¹, M. F. Watson ²¹, E. Watton ³⁷, G. Watts ¹⁴⁰, B. M. Waugh ⁹⁶, J. M. Webb ⁵³, C. Weber ³⁰, M. S. Weber ²⁰, C. Wei ⁶¹, Y. Wei ⁵³, A. R. Weidberg ¹²⁷, E. J. Weik ¹¹⁸, J. Weingarten ⁴⁸, C. Weiser ⁵³, C. J. Wells ⁴⁷, P. S. Wells ³⁷, T. Wenaus ³⁰, T. Wengler ³⁷, N. S. Wenke¹¹⁰, N. Wermes ²⁵, D. Werner ⁴⁷, M. Wessels ^62a, A. M. Wharton ⁹¹, A. S. White ³⁷, A. White ⁸, M. J. White ¹, D. Whiteson ¹⁶², L. Wickremasinghe ¹²⁵, W. Wiedenmann ¹⁷², M. Wielers ¹³⁵, R. Wierda ¹⁴⁷, C. Wiglesworth ⁴², H. G. Wilkens ³⁷, J. J. H. Wilkinson ³³, S. Williams ³³, S. Willocq ¹⁰³, D. J. Wilson ¹⁰¹, P. J. Windischhofer ³⁹, F. I. Winkel ³¹, F. Winklmeier ¹²⁴, B. T. Winter ⁵³, M. Wittgen¹⁴⁶, M. Wobisch ⁹⁷, T. Wojtkowski⁵⁹, Z. Wolffs ¹¹⁶, J. Wollrath³⁷, M. W. Wolter ⁸⁶, H. Wolters ^131a,131c, M. C. Wong¹³⁷, E. L. Woodward ⁴¹, S. D. Worm ⁴⁷, B. K. Wosiek ⁸⁶, K. A. Wozniak ⁵⁵, K. W. Woźniak ⁸⁶, S. Wozniewski ⁵⁴, K. Wraight ⁵⁸, C. Wu ¹⁵⁸, J. Wu ¹⁵⁶, M. Wu ^112b, M. Wu ¹¹⁵, S. L. Wu ¹⁷², S. Wu ^14,ss, X. Wu ⁶¹, Y. Q. Wu ¹⁵⁸, Y. Wu ⁶¹, Z. Wu ¹⁰², Z. Wu ^112a, J. Wuerzinger ¹¹⁰, T. R. Wyatt ¹⁰¹, B. M. Wynne ⁵¹, S. Xella ⁴², L. Xia ^112a, M. Xie ⁶¹, A. Xiong ¹²⁴, I. Xiotidis ³⁷, D. Xu ¹⁴, H. Xu ⁶¹, L. Xu ⁶¹, R. Xu ¹²⁹, T. Xu ¹⁰⁶, W. Xu^112a, Y. Xu ¹⁴⁰, Z. Xu ⁵¹, R. Xue ¹³⁰, B. Yabsley ¹⁵⁰, S. Yacoob ¹¹, Y. Yamaguchi ⁸², E. Yamashita ¹⁵⁶, H. Yamauchi ¹⁶⁰, T. Yamazaki ^18a, Y. Yamazaki ⁸⁴, S. Yan ⁵⁸, Z. Yan ¹⁰³, C. Yang ^18a, H. J. Yang ^141a, H. T. Yang ⁶¹, S. Yang ⁶¹, X. Yang ³⁷, X. Yang ¹⁴, Y. Yang ¹⁵⁶, Y. Yang⁶¹, W-M. Yao ^18a, C. L. Yardley ¹⁴⁹, J. Ye ¹⁴, S. Ye ³⁰, X. Ye ⁶¹, I. Yeletskikh ³⁸, B. Yeo ^18b, M. R. Yexley ⁹⁶, T. P. Yildirim ¹²⁷, K. Yorita ¹⁷⁰, C. J. S. Young ³⁷, C. Young ¹⁴⁶, I. N. L. Young ⁵⁸, N. D. Young¹²⁴, Y. Yu ⁶¹, J. Yuan ^14,112c,ss, M. Yuan ¹⁰⁶, R. Yuan ^141b, L. Yue ⁹⁶, M. Zaazoua ⁶¹, B. Zabinski ⁸⁶, I. Zahir ^36a, Q. U. A. Zahoor ⁵¹, A. Zaio^56b,56a, Z. K. Zak ⁸⁶, T. Zakareishvili ¹⁶⁵, S. Zambito ⁵⁵, J. Zang ¹⁵⁶, R. Zanzottera ^70a,70b, O. Zaplatilek ¹³³, E. Zaya ¹⁴⁷, C. Zeitnitz ¹⁷³, H. Zeng ¹⁴, D. T. Zenger, Jr.²⁷, T. Ženiš ^29a, S. Zenz ⁹⁴, W. Zhan ⁶¹, B. Zhang ¹⁶⁹, D. F. Zhang ¹⁴², G. Zhang ^14,ss, J. Zhang ^113b, J. Zhang ⁶, L. Zhang ⁶¹, L. Zhang ^112a, P. Zhang ^14,112c, R. Zhang ^112a, S. Zhang ^36e, Y. Zhang ¹⁴⁰, Y. Zhang ⁹⁶, Y. Zhang ⁶¹, Y. Zhang ^112a, Z. Zhang ¹⁴⁹, Z. Zhang ¹⁰¹, Z. Zhang ^18a, Z. Zhang ^113b, Z. Zhang ⁶⁵, H. Zhao ¹⁴⁰, T. Zhao ^113b, Y. Zhao ³⁵, Z. Zhao ⁶¹, Z. Zhao ⁶¹, A. Zhemchugov ³⁸, J. Zheng ^112a, K. Zheng ¹⁶⁴, L. Zheng ^113b, X. Zheng ⁶¹, Z. Zheng ¹⁴⁶, D. Zhong ¹⁶⁴, B. Zhou ¹⁰⁶, B. Zhou ^141b,141a, N. Zhou ^141a, Y. Zhou ¹⁵, Y. Zhou ^112a, Y. Zhou⁷, Z. Zhou ⁶¹, J. Zhu ¹⁰⁶, X. Zhu^141b, Y. Zhu ^141a, X. Zhuang ¹⁴, K. Zhukov ⁶⁷, P. Ziakas ⁴, N. I. Zimine ³⁸, J. Zinsser ^62b, M. Ziolkowski ¹⁴⁴, L. Živković ¹⁶, A. Zoccoli ^24b,24a, K. Zoch ³⁷, A. Zografos ³⁷, T. G. Zorbas ¹⁴², and L. Zwalinski ³⁷ (ATLAS Collaboration)

¹Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
²Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
^3aDepartment of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
^3bDivision of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Türkiye
⁴LAPP, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France
⁵APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
⁶High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
⁷Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
⁸Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
⁹Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
¹⁰Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
¹¹Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
¹²Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
¹³Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
¹⁴Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
¹⁵Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
¹⁶Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
¹⁷Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
^18aPhysics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
^18bUniversity of California, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁹Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
²⁰Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
²¹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
^22aDepartment of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Türkiye
^22bDepartment of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
^22cDepartment of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
^23aFacultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
^23bDepartamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
^24aDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A. Righi, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
^24bINFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
²⁵Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
²⁶Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
²⁷Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
^28aTransilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
^28bHoria Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
^28cDepartment of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
^28dNational Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
^28eNational University of Science and Technology Politechnica, Bucharest, Romania
^28fWest University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
^28gFaculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
^29aFaculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
^29bDepartment of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
³⁰Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
³¹Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y CONICET, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
³²California State University, California, USA
³³Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
^34aDepartment of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
^34biThemba Labs, Western Cape, South Africa
^34cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
^34dNational Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
^34eDepartment of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
^34fUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agriculture and Science, Mathematics, Westville, South Africa
^34gUniversity of South Africa, Department of Physics, Pretoria, South Africa
^34hUniversity of Pretoria, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
³⁴ⁱUniversity of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
^34jSchool of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
³⁵Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
^36aFaculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
^36bFaculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco
^36cFaculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech, Morocco
^36dLPMR, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
^36eFaculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
^36fInstitute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
³⁷CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
³⁸Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN
³⁹Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
⁴⁰LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
⁴¹Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, New York, USA
⁴²Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
^43aDipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
^43bINFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy
⁴⁴Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
⁴⁵National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos,” Agia Paraskevi, Greece
^46aDepartment of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden
^46bOskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
⁴⁷Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany
⁴⁸Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
⁴⁹Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
⁵⁰Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
⁵¹SUPA—School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
⁵²INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
⁵³Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
⁵⁴II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
⁵⁵Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
^56aDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
^56bINFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
⁵⁷II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
⁵⁸SUPA—School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
⁵⁹LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
⁶⁰Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
⁶¹Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
^62aKirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
^62bPhysikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
^63aDepartment of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
^63bDepartment of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
^63cDepartment of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
⁶⁴Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
⁶⁵IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay, France
⁶⁶Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (IMB-CNM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
⁶⁷Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
^68aINFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy
^68bICTP, Trieste, Italy
^68cDipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
^69aINFN Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
^69bDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
^70aINFN Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
^70bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
^71aINFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
^71bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
^72aINFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
^72bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
^73aINFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
^73bDipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
^74aINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
^74bDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
^75aINFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
^75bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
^76aINFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
^76bDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
^77aINFN-TIFPA, Trento, Italy
^77bUniversità degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
⁷⁸Universität Innsbruck, Department of Astro and Particle Physics, Innsbruck, Austria
⁷⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
⁸⁰Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Türkiye
^81aDepartamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
^81bUniversidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^81cInstituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
^81dRio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^81eFederal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
⁸²KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
^83aKhalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
^83bNew York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
^83cUnited Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
^83dUniversity of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
⁸⁴Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
^85aAGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland
^85bMarian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
⁸⁶Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
⁸⁷Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
⁸⁸Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
⁸⁹L2IT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/IN2P3, UPS, Toulouse, France
⁹⁰Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
⁹¹Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
⁹²Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
⁹³Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
⁹⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
⁹⁵Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
⁹⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
⁹⁷Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA
⁹⁸Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden
⁹⁹Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
¹⁰⁰Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
¹⁰¹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
¹⁰²CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
¹⁰³Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
¹⁰⁴Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
¹⁰⁵School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
¹⁰⁶Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
¹⁰⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
¹⁰⁸Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
¹⁰⁹Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
¹¹⁰Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany
¹¹¹Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
^112aDepartment of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
^112bSchool of Science, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, China
^112cUniversity of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China
^113aSchool of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
^113bInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China
^113cSchool of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
¹¹⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
¹¹⁵Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands
¹¹⁶Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹¹⁷Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
¹¹⁸Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY, USA
¹¹⁹Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
¹²⁰Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
¹²¹Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
¹²²Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
¹²³Palacký University, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic
¹²⁴Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
¹²⁵Graduate School of Science, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
¹²⁶Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
¹²⁷Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
¹²⁸LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
¹²⁹Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
¹³⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
^131aLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP, Lisboa, Portugal
^131bDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
^131cDepartamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
^131dCentro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
^131eDepartamento de Física, Escola de Ciências, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
^131fDepartamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
^131gDepartamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
¹³²Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
¹³³Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
¹³⁴Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
¹³⁵Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
¹³⁶IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
¹³⁷Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
^138aDepartamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
^138bMillennium Institute for Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR), Santiago, Chile
^138cInstituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, y Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Serena, Chile
^138dUniversidad Andres Bello, Department of Physics, Santiago, Chile
^138eUniversidad San Sebastian, Recoleta, Chile
^138fInstituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
^138gDepartamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
¹³⁹Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Tokyo, Japan
¹⁴⁰Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
^141aState Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai, China
^141bState Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
¹⁴²Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
¹⁴³Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
¹⁴⁴Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
¹⁴⁵Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
¹⁴⁶SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California, USA
¹⁴⁷Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
¹⁴⁸Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
¹⁴⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
¹⁵⁰School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
¹⁵¹Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
^152aE. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
^152bHigh Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
^152cUniversity of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
¹⁵³Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
¹⁵⁴Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
¹⁵⁵Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
¹⁵⁶International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
¹⁵⁷Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
¹⁵⁸Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
^159aTRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
^159bDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
¹⁶⁰Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
¹⁶¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
¹⁶²Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
¹⁶³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
¹⁶⁴Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
¹⁶⁵Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia—CSIC, Valencia, Spain
¹⁶⁶Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
¹⁶⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
¹⁶⁸Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
¹⁶⁹Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁰Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
¹⁷¹Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
¹⁷²Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
¹⁷³Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
¹⁷⁴Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
¹⁷⁵Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia

^*Full author list given at the end of the article.
^aDeceased.
^bAlso at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
^cAlso at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan.
^dAlso at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
^eAlso at Department of Physics, University of Thessaly, Lamla, Greece.
^fAlso at An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
^gAlso at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
^hAlso at Department of Physics, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
ⁱAlso at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
^jAlso at University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
^kAlso at Affiliated with an institute formerly covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN.
^lAlso at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing, China.
^mAlso at Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, “St. Kliment Ohridski,” Sofia, Bulgaria.
ⁿAlso at Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy.
^oAlso at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Canada.
^pAlso at Department of Physics, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Türkiye.
^qAlso at Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Romania.
^rAlso at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.
^sAlso at National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
^tAlso at TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
^uAlso at Universita degli Studi Link, Italy.
^vAlso at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece.
^wAlso at University and INFN Torino, Torino, Italy.
^xAlso at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
^yAlso at Henan University, China.
^zAlso at Yeditepe University, Physics Department, Istanbul, Türkiye.
^aaAlso at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
^bbAlso at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.
^ccAlso at Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece.
^ddAlso at Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.
^eeAlso at Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
^ffAlso at Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
^ggAlso at School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
^hhAlso at Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
ⁱⁱAlso at University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Physics, Colorado, Boulder, USA.
^jjAlso at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
^kkAlso at Centre of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto (CF-UM-UP), Portugal.
^llAlso at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Jodhpur, India.
^mmAlso at Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
ⁿⁿAlso at Washington College, Chestertown, Maryland, USA.
^ooAlso at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
^ppAlso at Institute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
^qqAlso at Institute of Physics and Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
^rrAlso at Millennium Institute for Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR), Santiago, Chile.
^ssAlso at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China.

PDF

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 121901 – Published 14 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/f3nk-5lt9

Abstract

This Letter presents a measurement of prompt charged-particle production in proton-oxygen interactions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 9.62 TeV$ center-of-mass energy with the ATLAS detector, corresponding to $634 μ b^{- 1}$ of integrated luminosity. A total of $246 \times 10^{6}$ selected events have at least one track with transverse momentum $p_{T} > 500 MeV$ and pseudorapidity $| η | < 2.5$ . The measured fiducial proton-oxygen cross section is $σ_{fid .}^{p O} = 396 \pm 6 (\exp .) \pm 9 (lumi .) mb$ and the extrapolated inelastic proton-air cross section is $σ_{inel .}^{p + air} = 406 \pm 6 (\exp .) \pm 9 (lumi .) \pm 28 (th .) mb$ . Measurements of charged-particle multiplicity, $p_{T}$ , and $η$ distributions are an order-of-magnitude more precise than differences between hadronic-interaction models. These results enable improved modeling of cosmic-ray air showers, which is important for astroparticle physics.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

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https://www.hepdata.net/record/ins3140590.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 121901– Published 14 September, 2026

Vol. 137, Iss. 12 — 18 September 2026

Received 8 April 2026
Revised 26 June 2026
Accepted 12 August 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/f3nk-5lt9

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Measurement of Charged-Particle Production in $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 9.62 TeV$ Proton-Oxygen Collisions as a Probe of Cosmic-Ray Air Showers with the ATLAS Detector

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Measurement of Charged-Particle Production in sNN=9.62 TeV Proton-Oxygen Collisions as a Probe of Cosmic-Ray Air Showers with the ATLAS Detector

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Measurement of Charged-Particle Production in $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 9.62 TeV$ Proton-Oxygen Collisions as a Probe of Cosmic-Ray Air Showers with the ATLAS Detector